Эволюция представлений о конструкте «Я» в европейско-американской традиции
Психология
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2024-1-74-87%20Ключевые слова:
европейско-американская традиция, эволюция представлений о конструкте «Я», дифференциация «Я», бихевиоральное «Я», когнитивное «Я», гуманистическо-экзистенциальное «Я»Аннотация
Обозначены эволюционно-исторические и философские повороты в представлениях о конструкте «Я» в европейско-американской традиции. В Европе становление «Я» восходит к религиозной идее о душе. Р. Декарт был первым крупным мыслителем, который использовал конструкт «Я» альтернативой душе. Для Р. Декарта главным был вопрос о том, как «Я», будучи нематериальным, вписывается в материальный мир, управляемый механическими законами. Хотя Декарт заменил понятие души понятием «Я», унитарные представления о душе были перенесены на «Я». Идея единого (унитарного) «Я» постепенно уступила место идеям дифференцированного «Я» и его интеграции. Слово «Я» (self) вошло в обиход английского языка независимо от Р. Декарта. Считается, что оно появилось впервые как существительное около 1300 г. и имело негативные коннотации, следуя религиозной традиции смотреть на человека как источник грехов. Фундаментальные изменения в представлениях о «Я» произошли во второй половине ХIХ в. Провозглашался дифференцированный и множественный взгляд на «Я». Он кореным образом вступал в конфликт с религиозным пониманием души, которая полагалась неделимой. У. Джеймс показал, что у человека есть столько «Я», сколько есть людей, которые узнают его и носят его образ в своем сознании. В американской психологии выделяются и анализируются три влиятельных направления: бихевиоральное, когнитивное и гуманистическо-экзистенциальное. Показано, что теории «Я» создаются в европейско-американской психологии в разных и широких контекстах, под углом разных парадигм. Рассматриваются бихевиоральные, когнитивные, гуманистические и экзистенциальные модели «Я». Общей особенностью исследований «Я» является парадигмальная фрагментация. Предполагается, однако, что ее сменят интегративные (транспарадигмальные) теории «Я».Библиографические ссылки
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