Language in the Metaphorical Mirror (on the Basis of Linguistic Concepts of the 20th – 21st Centuries)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17072/2073-6681-2023-3-67-73Keywords:
language concepts; ontological metaphor; metalinguistic awareness; linguo-cognitive approach.Abstract
The article explores tools for creating a conceptual idea that serves as the basis for building an image of language within the framework of various linguistic theories of the 20th – 21st centuries. The study puts forward a thesis that scientific conclusions that are highly abstract in nature can be interpreted and separated into visual figurative components. The function of the ontological metaphor is analyzed, including its cognitive and sense-constructive role in the formation of the scientific viewpoint. The paper characterizes the concept of metalinguistic metaphor as the basic means of creating and transforming language images both over time (in diachrony) and within a specific time period (in synchrony). The role of metaphor in the development of the linguistic theories considered is determined. The study touches upon not only the creative scientific potential of metaphor but also the restrictions that it imposes on the author’s viewpoint. Interdisciplinary terminological intersections are described, which are also considered as an auxiliary means of metalinguistic reflection. The study employed such methods as linguistic analysis, interpretive analysis (commenting and systematization of metalinguistic statements), cognitive-discursive method. Particular attention is paid to the context as a micro and macro environment for the reflections about the language, including extralinguistic factors. The article analyzes the main linguistic theories that were developed in the 20th – 21st centuries such as materialistic, behavioral, mental, abstract, socio-cultural, and cognitive-linguistic. It is emphasized that the conceptual metaphor is a research tool for systematization and generalization of scientific facts through the prism of the individual author’s vision.References
Беляевская Е. Г. О внутренней структуре концептуальной метафоры // Когнитивные исследования языка. 2018. № 32. С. 540–548.
Березин Ф. М. Основные этапы развития американской лингвистики в XX в. // Американские лингвисты ХХ в.: сб. обзоров. М.: РАН ИНИОН. Центр гуманит. науч.-информ. исслед. Отд. языкознания, 2001а. С. 4–35
Березин Ф. М. Леонард Блумфилд / Американские лингвисты ХХ в.: cб. обзоров // РАН. ИНИОН. Центр гуманит. науч.-информ. исслед. Отд. языкознания. М., 2001б. С. 57–78
Блумфилд Л. Язык / пер. с англ. В. П. Мурат, Е. С. Кубряковой; ред. М. М. Гухман. М.: Либроком, 2010. 608 с.
Бразговская Е. Е. Референция и отображение (от философии языка к философии текста): монография. Пермь: Изд-во ПГПУ, 2006. 192 с.
Демьянков В. З. Образы языка в контрастивном освещении // Критика и семиотика. 2014. Вып. 2. С. 11–20.
Кубрякова Е. С. Эволюция лингвистических идей во второй половине XX века (опыт парадигмального анализа) // Язык и наука конца ХХ века / под ред. Ю. С. Степанова. М.: Ин-т языкознания РАН, 1995. С. 144–238.
Кубрякова Е. С. В поисках сущности языка: Когнитивные исследования / Ин-т языкознания РАН. М.: Знак, 2012. 208 с.
Кульчицкая Л. В. Когнитивная метафора – концептуальная метафора – метафорическая модель: онтологический статус понятий // Личность. Культура. Общество. 2013. Т. XV. Вып. 1. № 77. С. 117–124.
Лакофф Дж., Джонсон М. Метафоры, которыми мы живем / пер. с англ. А. Н. Барановой, А. В. Морозовой. М.: Едиториал УРСС, 2004. 256 с.
Новицкая И. В. Теория концептуальной метафоры и развитие альтернативных концепций в рамках когнитивного направления метафорологии (по материалам современной англистики) // Язык и культура. 2019. № 46. С. 76–101.
Попова З. Д., Стернин И. А. Семантико-когнитивный анализ языка. Воронеж: Истоки, 2007. 250 c.
Сабитова З. К. Лингвистические образы языка ХХI века // Вопросы когнитивной лингвистики. 2011. № 1(26). С. 92–97.
Скребцова Т. Г. Американская школа когнитивной лингвистики: монография. СПб., 2000. 202 с.
Соссюр Ф. де. Курс общей лингвистики / пер. с фр. А. Сухотина, Т. Де Мауро; ред. Н. В. Чапаева. Екатеринбург: Изд-во Урал. ун-та, 1999. 432 с.
Шумарина М. Р. Язык в зеркале художественного текста (Метаязыковая рефлексия в произведениях русской прозы): монография. М.: Флинта: Наука, 2011. 328 с.
Хомский Н. Язык и мышление / пер. с англ. Б. Ю. Городецкого. М.: Изд-во Моск. ун-та, 1972. 123 с.
Bialystok Е., Bouchard Ryan E. Toward a Definition of Metalinguistic Skill. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. Vol. 31, No. 3 (July 1985). P. 229–251.
Botha R. P. Twentieth Century Conceptions of Language: Mastering the Metaphysics Market. Oxford; Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992. 349 p.
Cazeaux C. Cognitive Metaphor and Continental Philosophy: From Kant to Derrida. New York: Routledge, 2007. 240 p.
Clark A., Toribio J. Language and Meaning in Cognitive Science: Cognitive Issues and Semantic theory. N. Y.: Routledge, 2012. 312 p.
Deming A. H. Science and Poetry. A View from the Divide. Creative Nonfiction. 1998. № 11. URL: https://www.creativenonfiction.org/online-reading/
poetry-and-science-view-divide (дата обращения: 23.01.2022)
Jakobs М., Hüning М. Scholars and their Metaphors: on Language Making in Linguistics. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 2022. № 274. URL: https://www.degruyter.com/document/
doi/10.1515/ijsl-2021-0017/html (дата обращения: 23.01.2023).
Katz J. J. Language and other Abstract Objects. Totowa, N. J.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1981. 251 p.
Lass R. Historical Linguistics and Language Change. (Series: Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, 81). Cambridge University Press, 1997. 448 p.
Pike K. Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior. Berlin: Mouton, 1967. 730 p.
Sapir E. Language. URL: https://brocku.ca/Mead
Project/Sapir/Sapir_1933_a.html (дата обращения: 14.02.2022).
References
Belyaevskaya E. G. O vnutrenney strukture kontseptual’noy metafory [On the internal structure of the conceptual metaphor]. Kognitivnye issledovaniya yazyka [Cognitive Studies of Language], 2018,
issue 32, pp. 540–548. (In Russ.)
Berezin F. M. Osnovnye etapy razvitiya amerikanskoy lingvistiki v XX v. [The main stages in the development of American linguisticsnin the 20th century]. Amerikanskie lingvisty XX v.: Sbornik obzorov [American Linguists of the 20th Century: a Collection of Reviews]. Moscow, INION RAN Publ., 2001a, pp. 4–35. (In Russ.)
Berezin F. M. Leonard Blumfild [Leonard Bloomfield]. Amerikanskie lingvisty XX v.: Sbornik obzorov [American Linguists of the 20th Century: a Collection of Reviews]. Moscow, INION RAN Publ., 2001b, pp. 57–78. (In Russ.)
Bloomfield L. Yazyk [Language]. Transl. from Eng. by V. P. Murat, E. S. Kubryakova; ed. by M. M. Gukhman. Moscow, Librokom Publ., 2010. 608 p. (In Russ.)
Brazgovskaya E. E. Referentsiya i otobrazhenie (ot filosofii yazyka k filosofii teksta) [Reference and Representation (from Philosophy of Language to Philosophy of Text)]: a monograph. Perm, Perm State Pedagogical University Press, 2006. 192 p. (In Russ.)
Dem’yankov V. Z. Obrazy yazyka v kontrastivnom osveshchenii [Images of language from a contrastive point of view]. Kritika i semiotika [Critique and Semiotics], 2014, issue 2, pp. 11–20. (In Russ.)
Kubryakova E. S. Evolyutsiya lingvisticheskikh idey vo vtoroy polovine XX veka (opyt paradigmal’nogo analiza) [The evolution of linguistic ideas in the second half of the 20th century (an experience of paradigmatic analysis)]. Yazyk i nauka kontsa XX veka [Language and Science of the late 20th Century]. Ed. by Yu. S. Stepanov. Moscow, Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences Publ., 1995, pp. 144–238. (In Russ.)
Kubryakova E. S. V poiskakh sushchnosti yazyka: Kognitivnye issledovaniya [In Search of the Essence of Language: Cognitive Studies]. Moscow, Znak Publ., 2012. 208 p. (In Russ.)
Kul’chitskaya L. V. Kognitivnaya metafora – kontseptual’naya metafora – metaforicheskaya model': ontologicheskiy status ponyatiy [Cognitive metaphor – conceptual metaphor – metaphorical model: Ontological status of the concepts]. Lichnost’. Kul’tura. Obshchestvo [Personality. Culture. Society], 2013, vol. 15, issue 1, no. 77, pp. 117–124. (In Russ.)
Lakoff G., Johnson M. Metafory, kotorymi my zhivem [Metaphors We Live By]. Transl. from Eng. by A. N. Baranova, A. V. Morozova. Moscow, Editorial URSS Publ., 2004. 256 p. (In Russ.)
Novitskaya I. V. Teoriya kontseptual’noy metafory i razvitie al’ternativnykh kontseptsiy v ramkakh kognitivnogo napravleniya metaforologii (po materialam sovremennoy anglistiki) [The theory of conceptual metaphor and the development of alternative concepts within the cognitive approach of metaphorology (based on modern English studies)]. Yazyk i kul’tura [Language and Culture], 2019, issue 46, pp. 76–101. (In Russ.)
Popova Z. D., Sternin I. A. Semantiko-kognitivnyy analiz yazyka [Semantic-Cognitive Analysis of Language]. Voronezh, Istoki Publ., 2007. 250 p. (In Russ.)
Sabitova Z. K. Lingvisticheskie obrazy yazyka XXI veka [The Linguistic Images of the 21st Century Language]. Voprosy kognitivnoy lingvistiki
[Issues of Cognitive Linguistics], 2011, issue 1 (26), pp. 92–97. (In Russ.)
Skrebtsova T. G. Amerikanskaya shkola kognitivnoy lingvistiki [American School of Cognitive Linguistics]: a monograph. St. Petersburg, 2000. 202 p. (In Russ.)
Saussure F. de. Kurs obshchey lingvistiki [Course in General Linguistics]. Transl. from Fr. by A. Sukhotin, T. de Mauro; ed. by. N. V. Chapaeva. Yekaterinburg, Ural Federal University Press, 1999. 432 p. (In Russ.)
Shumarina M. R. Yazyk v zerkale khudozhestvennogo teksta (Metayazykovaya refleksiya v proizvedeniyakh russkoy prozy) [Language in the Mirror of a Literary Text (Metalinguistic Reflection in Works of Russian Prose)]: a monograph. Moscow, Flinta Publ., Nauka Publ., 2011. 328 p. (In Russ.)
Chomsky N. Yаzyk i myshlenie [Language and Mind]. Transl. from Eng. by B. Yu. Gorodetskiy. Moscow, Moscow University Press, 1972. 123 p. (In Russ.)
Bialystok E., Bouchard Ryan E. Toward a definition of metalinguistic skill. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, vol. 31, issue 3 (July 1985), pp. 229–251. (In Eng.)
Botha R. P. Twentieth Century Conceptions of Language: Mastering the Metaphysics Market. Oxford, Cambridge, Blackwell, 1992. 349 p. (In Eng.)
Cazeaux C. Cognitive Metaphor and Continental Philosophy: From Kant to Derrida. New York, Routledge, 2007. 240 p. (In Eng.)
Clark A., Toribio J. Language and Meaning in Cognitive Science: Cognitive Issues and Semantic Theory. NY, Routledge, 2012. 312 p. (In Eng.)
Deming A. H. Science and poetry. A view from the divide. Creative Nonfiction, 1998, issue 11. Available at: https://www.creativenonfiction.org/online-reading/poetry-and-science-view-divide (accessed 23 Jan 2022). (In Eng.)
Jakobs M., Hüning M. Scholars and their metaphors: On language making in linguistics. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2022, issue 274. Available at: https://www.degruyter.com/
document/doi/10.1515/ijsl-2021-0017/html (accessed 23 Jan 2023). (In Eng.)
Katz J. J. Language and Other Abstract Objects. Totowa, NJ, Rowman and Littlefield, 1981. 251 p. (In Eng.)
Lass R. Historical Linguistics and Language Change (Series: Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, 81). Cambridge University Press, 1997. 448 p. (In Eng.)
Pike K. Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior. Berlin, Mouton, 1967. 730 p. (In Eng.)
Sapir E. Language. Available at: https://brocku.ca/MeadProject/Sapir/Sapir_1933_a.html (accessed 14 Feb 2022). (In Eng.)
