CHINESE BORROWINGS IN THE LANGUAGE OF RUSSIAN EMIGRANTS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20th CENTURY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17072/2037-6681-2018-4-79-86Keywords:
Chinese borrowings, Russian emigrants, transcription, calquing, lexical-thematic groups, loan words.Abstract
The article analyzes Chinese borrowings in the language of Russian emigrants in Northeast China in the first half of the 20th century. The concept of borrowing and the reasons for the appearance of loan words are also described. In modern linguistics, there are several interpretations of the concept ‘borrowing’. Different definitions were given by many linguists. According to the definition that appears to be the most complete and commonly used one, ‘borrowing’ is an element of a foreign language (word, morpheme, syntactic construction, etc.) transferred from one language to another as a result of language contacts, as well as the process of transition of elements of one language into another. Lexical borrowing as a process is determined by a combination of internal (linguistic) and external (extralinguistic) factors. The main reason for borrowing to occur is the absence of the corresponding concept in the accepting language. The emergence of Chinese borrowings was closely related to historical events – Russia’s gaining the right to build the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) through the territory of Manchuria. In the article, the main borrowing methods – transcription and calquing – are considered based on the analysis of Chinese borrowings used by N. I. Ilyina in her memoirs Destiny, Roads and Return. Furthermore, the article proposes a classification of the borrowed words by lexical-thematic groups: the names of geographical objects, personal names, names of parties, natural objects, household items (food, housing, monetary units, games, etc.) and interjections; grammatical and semantic analysis of these words is also provided. Borrowing is one of the natural ways to enrich vocabulary of any language. Loan words play an important role in the lexical system of the accepting language. These words can serve as reflection of another culture, its mentality, traditions and customs.References
Аристова В. М. О лексических заимствованиях из английского языка в русский язык в XVII–XVIII вв. М.: Высш. шк., 1978. 113 с.
Ахманова О. С. Словарь лингвистических терминов. М.: Сов. энциклопедия, 1969. 608 с.
Ильина Н. И. Судьбы. М.: Сов. писатель, 1980. 304 с.
Ильина Н. И. Дороги. М.: Сов. писатель, 1983. 336 с.
Ильина Н. И. Возвращение. М.: Сов. писа-тель, 1969а. 512 с.
Ильина Н. И. Возвращение: в 2 т. М.: Сов. писатель, 1969б. 384 с.
Краеведение провинции Хэйлунцзян. Ино-странные дела: в 69 т. Харбин: Хэйлунцзянское народное издательство, 1993. 118 с. 黑龙江省
志外事志（第69卷). 哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社. 1993. P. 118. (Hei long jiang zhi•wai shi zhi (di 69 juan). Ha er bin: Hei long jiang ren min chu ban she. 1993. P. 118.)
Крысин Л. П. Иноязычные слова в современном русском языке. М.: Наука, 1968. 208 с.
Лотте Д. С. Вопросы заимствования и упо-рядочения иноязычных терминов и терминоэлементов. М.: Наука, 1982. 149 с.
Маслов Ю. С. Введение в языкознание. М.: Высш. шк., 1987. 273 с.
Опельбаум Е. В. Восточнославянские лекси-ческие элементы в немецком языке. Киев: Нау-кова думка, 1971. 271 с.
Панькин В. М., Филиппов А. В. Языковые контакты: Краткий словарь. М.: Флинта; Наука, 2011. 160 с.
Русский язык. Энциклопедия / гл. ред. Ю. Н. Караулов. 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. М.: Большая Российская энциклопедия; Дрофа, 1997. 703 с.
Рахимов Т. Р. Китайские элементы в совре-менном уйгурском языке. М., 1970. 134 с.
Современный словарь иностранных слов: толкование, словоупотребление, словообразование, этимология / Л. М. Баш, А. В. Боброва и др. М.: Цитадель-трейд, 2002. 970 с.
Годовой маньчжурский экономический отчет. / Экономическое Бюро Китайской Восточной (маньчжурской) железной дороги (КВЖД). Харбин: издательство преобразования, 1933. 733 с. 满洲经济年报/满铁经济调查会编. 哈尔滨:满铁产
业部, 1933. P. 733. (Man zhou jing ji nian bao / Man tie jing ji diao cha hui bian. Ha er bin:Man tie chan ye bu, 1933. P. 733.)
Языкознание. Большой энциклопедический словарь / гл. ред. В. Н. Ярцева. 2-е изд. М.: Большая Российская энциклопедия, 1998. 685 с.
References
Aristova V. M. O leksicheskikh zaimstvovaniyakh iz angliyskogo yazka v russkiy yazyk v 17–18 vv. [On lexical borrowings from the English language into Russian in the 17th–18th centuries]. Moscow, Vysshaya Shkola Publ., 1978. 113 p. (In Russ.)
Akhmanova O. S. Slovar’ lingvisticheskikh terminov [The Dictionary of Linguistic Terms]. Moscow, Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya Publ., 1969. 608 p. (In Russ.)
Il’ina N. I. Sud’by [Fates]. Moscow, Sovetskiy Pisatel’ Publ., 1980. 304 p. (In Russ.)
Il’ina N. I. Dorogi [Roads]. Moscow, Sovetskiy Pisatel’ Publ., 1983. 336 p. (In Russ.)
Il’ina N. I. Vozvrashchenie: v 2 t. [Return: in 2 vols.]. Moscow, Sovetskiy Pisatel’ Publ., 1969a, vol. 1. 512 p. (In Russ.)
Il’ina N. I. Vozvrashchenie: v 2 t. [Return: in 2 vols.]. Moscow, Sovetskiy Pisatel’ Publ., 1969b, vol. 2. 384 p. (In Russ.)
Kraevedenie provintsii Kheyluntszyan. Inostrannye dela [Regional studies of Heilongjiang Province. Foreign affairs]. Harbin, Heilongjiang People’s Publishing House, 1993, vol. 69. 118 p. (In Chin.)
Krysin L. P. Inoyazychnye slova v sovremennom russkom yazyke [Foreign words in modern Russian]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1968. 208 p. (In Russ.)
Lotte D. S. Voprosy zaimstvovaniya i uporyadocheniya inoyazychnykh terminov i terminoelementov [Issues of borrowing and ordering foreign terms and terminological elements]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1982. 149 p. (In Russ.)
Maslov Yu. S. Vvedenie v yazykoznanie [Introduction to linguistics]. Moscow, Vysshaya Shkola Publ., 1987. 273 p. (In Russ.)
Opelbaum E. V. Vostochnoslavyanskie leksicheskie elementy v nemetskom yazyke [East Slavonic lexical elements in German]. Kiev, Naukova dumka Publ., 1971. 271 p. (In Russ.)
Pan’kin V. M., Filippov A. V. Yazykovye kontakty: Kratkiy slovar’ [Language contacts: The Concise Dictionary]. Moscow, Flinta, Nauka Publ., 2011. 160 p. (In Russ.)
Russkiy yazyk. Entsklopediya [Russian language. Encyclopedia]. 2nd edition, revised and updated. Ed. by Yu. N. Karaulov. Moscow, Bol’shaya Rossiyskaya Entsiklopedia, Drofa Publ., 1997. 703 p. (In Russ.)
Rakhimov T. R. Kitayskie elementy v sovrevennom uygurskom yazyke [Chinese elements in the modern Uighur language]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1970. 349 p. (In Russ.)
Sovremennyy slovar’ inostrannykh slov: tolkovanie, slovoupotreblenie, slovoobrzovanie, etimologiya [The modern dictionary of foreign words: interpretation, word usage, word formation, etymology]. Ed. By L. M. Bash, A. V. Bobrova et al. Moscow, Tsitadel’-treyd Publ., 2002. 970 p. (In Russ.)
Godovoy man’chzhurskiy ekonomicheskiy otchet [The Manchurian Annual Economic Report]. Ekonomicheskoe byuro Kitayskoy vostochnoy (man’chzhurskoy) zheleznoy dorogi (KVZhD)
[The Economic Bureau of the Chinese Eastern Railway]. Harbin, Preobrazovanie Publ., 1933. 733 p. (In Chin.)
Yazykoznayie. Bol’shoy entsklopeticheskiy slovar’ [Linguistics. The Great Encyclopedic Dic-tionary]. 2nd edition. Ed. by V. N. Yartseva. Moscow, Bol’shaya Rossiyskaya Entsiklopedia Publ., 1998. 685 p. (In Russ.)
