ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRATION: GERMAN EXPERIENCE OF REGULATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2022-2-94-108Keywords:
Germany; European Union; environmental migration; climate refugees; forced migration; crisis manage-ment; environmental alarmism; environmental scepticismAbstract
The article analyses German policy regarding environmental migration, aiming to assess its success. The author focuses on the phenomenon and practices of environmental migration in general and its impact on various discourses in Germany and its policies in this regard. The article focuses exploring a range of foreign, predominantly German, sources via content analysis research method. The study uses systemic and institutional approaches, discourse analysis, that enable a comprehensive study of different levels of environmental migration regulation, as well as power, socio-political and scientific expert discourses on such migration. The author concludes that whilst people who flee from climate and environmental change are not officially recognised as refugees in Germany, the country does actively support these individuals both internally and internationally. Germany is a key contributor in international aid when it comes to the most vulnerable countries. Moreover, German civil society, which considers migration one of the key problems of the country's development, has a significant influence on national and regional agenda within the European Union. Leading the way in the international community, including crisis situations, using various means Germany has proven in action its ability to regulate this type of migration.References
Ahmad, A. N. ed. (2019) ‘Climate Justice and Migration: Mobility, Development, and Displacement in the Global South’, Hein-rich Böll Foundation. Publication Series on Democracy, 57 [online]. Available at: https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/2020-12/Climate_Justice_and_Migration.pdf?dimension1=division_af (Accessed: 22 No-vember 2021).
Ammer, M., Mayrhofer, M., Randall, A., Sals-bury, J. (2014) ‘Time to act. How the EU can lead on climate change and migra-tion’, Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung.
‘Analysing and managing climate risks’, BMZ [onlin]. Available at: https://www.bmz.de/en/development-policy/climate-change-and-development/climate-risk-management (Accessed:22 October 2021).
Bates, C. D. (2002) ‘Environmental Refugees? Classifying Human Migrations Caused by Environmental Change’, Population and Environment, 23 (5), pp. 465‒477.
Biermann, F., Boas, I. (2012) ‘Climate Change and Human Migration: Towards a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Refugees’ in: Scheffran, J., Brzoska, M., Brauch, H. G., Link, P. M., Schilling, J. (eds.) Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pр. 291–300.
Blocher, J. (2015) ‘Climate Change and Envi-ronment related Migration in the Europe-an Union Policy: An Organizational Shift towards Adaptation and Development’ in: Rosenau-Williams K., Gemenne F. (eds.) Organizational Perspectives on En-vironmental Migration. London: Routledge, pр. 38‒56.
Butros, D., Brodén Gyberg, V., Kaijser A. (2021) ‘Solidarity Versus Security: Exploring Perspectives on Climate Induced Migra-tion in UN and EU Policy’, Environmen-tal Communication, 15 (6), рp. 842‒856.
Burns, C. Eckersley, P., Tobin, P. (2020) ‘EU environmental policy in times of crisis’, Journal of European Public Policy, 27 (1), pр. 1‒19.
‘CEN – neueste Forschung zeigt: Klimawandel nicht Auslöser des syrischen Bürgerkrie-ges’ (2017), Deutsches Klimaportal [On-line]. Available at: https://www.deutschesklimapor-tal.de/SharedDocs/Kurzmeldungen/DE/Andere/2017/CEN-Neeste_Forschung_zeigt_Klimawandel_nicht_ausl%C3%B6ser_des_syrischen-Buergerkrieges_170907.html (Accessed: 22 October 2021).
‘Climate finance: Germany remains a reliable partner’, BMZ [onlin]. Available at: https://www.bmz.de/en/development-policy/climate-change-and-development/climate-financing (Accessed: 22 October 2021).
‘“Climate Refugees” People displaced by climate change and the role of the churches’ (2013), Bread for the World Protestant Development Service, Protestant Agency for Diaconia and Development.
‘Climate risk insurance’, BMZ. Available at: https://www.bmz.de/en/development-policy/climate-change-and-development/climate-risk-insurance (Ac-cessed: 22 October 2021).
Eckersley, R. (2015) ‘National identities, interna-tional roles, and the legitimation of cli-mate leadership: Germany and Norway compared’, Environmental Politics, 25 (1), pp. 180‒201.
‘Folgen des Klimawandels als Fluchtgrund aner-kennen!’ (2014), Deutscher Bundesju-gendring [Online]. Available at: https://www.dbjr.de/artikel/folgen-des-klimawandels-als-fluchtgrund-anerkennen (Accessed: 22 October 2021).
Fujibayashi, H., Nakayama, M. (2017) ‘An Op-tion to Avoid the Sudden Mass Influx of Migrants Resulting from Worldwide En-vironmental Threats’, International Jour-nal of Social Science Studies, 5(6), pp. 1‒8.
Hertner, I. (2021) ‘Germany as ‘a country of in-tegration’? The CDU/CSU’s policies and discourses on immigration during Angela Merkel’s Chancellorship’, Journal of Eth-nic and Migration Studies, 48 (2), pp. 461‒481.
Galaktionow, B., Reuß, A. (2018) ‘Von Kohls Mädchen zur ewigen Kanzlerin’, Süd-deutsche Zeitung [online]. Available at: https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/merkels-spitznamen-von-kohls-maedchen-zur-ewigen-kanzlerin-1.3904881 (Ac-cessed: 20 November 2021).
Hiraide, L. A. (2022) ‘Climate refugees: A useful concept? Towards an alternative vocabu-lary of ecological displacement’, Race & Climate Change, pp. 1‒16.
Jänicke, M. (2017) ‘Germany: Innovation and Climate Leadership’ in: Wurzel, R. K., Connelly, J., Liefferink, D. (eds.) The Eu-ropean Union in International Climate Change Politics. Still Taking a Lead? London: Routledge, pp. 114‒130.
‘Klimahelfer: Änder' was, bevor's das Klima tut (2012‒2014)’ (2020), Jugendrotkreuz [Online]. Available at: https://jugendrotkreuz.de/initiativen-aktionen-projekte/vergangene-kampagnen/klimahelfer (Accessed: 22 October 2021).
‘Klimaplan Berlin’ (2021), KlimaListe Berlin [on-line]. Available at:https://www.klimaliste-ber-lin.de/media/pages/klimaplan/6db68c3a57-1620376401/klimaplan-2021-05-07.pdf (Accessed: 22 October 2021).
‘Klimaschutz als Weltbürgerbewegung’ (2014), Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesre-gierung [Online]. Available at: https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/343750/5b6b3c816fa06702aba369df558f48c6/ausschussdrucksache_sondergutachten_wbgu_klimaschutz_18_16_132-data.pdf (Accessed: 22 October 2021).
Liguori, C. (2021) The response of the European Union to human mobility in the context of climate change. MA thesis. School of ad-vanced study. University of London.
Maretti, M. Tontodimamma, A., Biermann, P. (2019) ‘Environmental and climate mi-grations: an overview of scientific litera-ture using a bibliometric analysis’, Inter-national Review of Sociology, 29 (2), pp. 142‒158.
Marshall, N. (2019) ‘Climate Migration and Loss: Exploring the Conceptual Borders of Citizenship, Sovereign Authority, and the Deterritorialized State’, Devel-opment, 63(4), pp. 1‒7.
Marshall, N. (2016) ‘Forced Environmental Mi-gration: Ethical Considerations for Emerging Migration Policy’, Ethics, Poli-cy & Environment, 19(1), pp. 1‒18.
Martin, S. (2010) ‘Climate Change, Migration, and Governance’, Global Governance, 16 (3), pp. 397‒414.
‘Menschenrechte und Klimakrise‘ (2021), Deut-sche Institut für Menschenrechte [Online]. Available at: https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/843062/97d06032b78c4eef61f095ce94ef2843/Stellungnahme-SV-Windfuhr-data.pdf (Accessed: 22 October 2021).
Mück, K. (2017) ‘„Wir schaffen das!“ Hat die Persönlichkeit Angela Merkels Einfluss auf ihre Flüchtlingspolitik?‘ in: Gu, X., Ohnesorge, H. (eds.) Politische Persön-lichkeiten und ihre weltpolitische Gestal-tung. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, pp. 245–273.
Orsini, A., Cobut, L. ‘Global environmental complexity and the limits of the EU’s ex-ternal regulatory actorness’ in: Teloò, M., Weyembergh, A. (eds) Supranational Governance at Stake. London: Routledge, pp. 130‒144.
Praag L. V., Timmerman C. (2019) ‘Environ-mental migration and displacement: a new theoretical framework for the study of migration aspirations in response to environmental changes’, Environmental Sociology.
‘Pressemitteilung 9. Mai 2019, Klimawandel und Migration’ (2019), Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung [Online]. Available at: https://wzb.eu/de/pressemitteilung/klimawandel-und-migration (Accessed: 22 Oc-tober 2021).
Rappold, J. (2016) ‘Germany: Getting Used to Leadership’ in: Janning, J. (ed.) Keeping Europeans Together: Assessing the State of EU Cohesion. European Council on Foreign Relations, pp. 64‒67.
Rothfuß, R. (2021) ‘Menschenrecht auf eine öko-logisch intakte Heimat: Internationale Zusammenarbeit für heimatnahe Prob-lemlösungen in Afrika’, Bundestag [On-line]. Available at: https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/843058/f6af4a12622ceb465b9a0df2f68e1979/Stellungnahme-SV-Rothfuss-data.pdf (Accessed: 22 October 2021).
Schloss C. (2021) ‘Climate migrants – How German courts take the environment into account when considering non-refoulement’, Völkerrechtsblog [online]. Available at: https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/climate-migrants/ (Accessed: 22 October 2021).
‘Sicherheitsrisiko Klimawandel‘ (2007), Wissen-schaftlicher Beirat der Bundesregierung Globale Umweltveränderungen [Online]. Available at: https://www.wbgu.de/fileadmin/user_upload/wbgu/publikationen/hauptgutachten/hg2007/pdf/wbgu_jg2007_kurz.pdf (Ac-cessed: 22 October 2021).
Şirin, B. (2020) ‘Angela Merkel’s Chancellor Democracy and Leadership in Times of Crisis’ in: Erçeti̇n, Ş., Açikalin, Ş. (eds.) Chaos Complexity and Leadership 2018. Cham: Springer, pp. 107–121.
Schmedding, T. (2011) Environmental Migration: A Global Issue under European Union leadership? MA thesis. Centre Interna-tional de Formation Européenne.
Schreurs M. A. (2016) ‘Is Germany Really an Environmental Leader?’, Current History, 115 (779), pp. 114‒116.
Street, A. (2021) ‘Angela Merkel’s Record on Immigration and Gender’, German Poli-tics, 31 (1), pp. 137‒156.
Wennerhed, F. M. (2019) The Discursive Con-struction of Climate Migration in the EU. MA thesis. Wageningen University.
‘Wir müssen auch Klima-Flüchtlinge aufneh-men!’ (2019), Bild [Online]. Available at: https://www.bild.de/politik/inland/politik-ausland/rackete-im-bild-interview-wir-muessen-klima-fluechtlinge-aufnehmen-63280720.bild.html (Accessed: 22 Octo-ber 2021). (*Ограничен доступ на территории РФ).
‘World Migration Report’ (2020), IOM UN Mi-gration [Online]. Available at: https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/wmr_2020.pdf (Accessed: 22 October 2021).
Zotti, A. (2020) ‘Germany’s ‘Atypical’ Leader-ship in the EU Migration System of Gov-ernance and its Normative Dimension’ in: Ceccorulli, M., Fassi, E., Lucarelli, S. (eds.) The EU Migration System of Gov-ernance. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 225–258.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The author grants the Publisher of the journal (Perm State University) the right to use their article in the journal, as well as to include the text of the abstract, the full text of the article and information about authors in the "Russian Science Citation Index" (RSCI).
The author agrees to the processing of personal data.
The right to use the journal as a whole belongs to the Publisher and acts indefinitely on the territory of the Russian Federation and beyond in accordance with cl. 1260 of the Russian Federation Civil Code.
There is no author's fee paid for providing the above rights by the author.
The author of the article included in the journal retains the exclusive right to it, regardless of the Publisher's right to use the journal as a whole:
a. The authors retain their copyrights to the article and transfer the right of the first publication along with the article to the journal, while also licensing it on the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows others to distribute this article with the obligatory indication of authorship of the article and reference to the original publication in this journal.
b. The authors retain the right to enter into separate, additional contractual agreements for the non-exclusive dissemination of the version of the text published by this journal (for example, post it in a university archive or publish it in a book), with reference to the original publication in this journal.
c. d. Authors are allowed to post their text on the Internet (for example, in a university archive or on their personal website) before and during the review process by this journal, as this can lead to a fruitful discussion and to higher number of the references to this published work (Please refer to The Effect of Open Access).
Submission of an article by the author implies that they agree for it to be used by the Publisher on the above conditions and to be included in the RSCI system. It also implicates that the author is aware of the terms of its use. The information about the author sent to the Publisher, including by e-mail, is also considered as such consent.
The editorial board posts the full text of the article on the Perm State University site: http://www.psu.ru and in the OJS system at http://press.psu.ru
The publication fee is not collected and fees are not paid. The author's copy is sent to the author to the address provided by them.