LOCALIZATION OF ETHNIC GROUPS: TOOLS FOR ANALYZING ETHNOPOLITICAL PROCESSES
Keywords:
ethno-political processes, heterogeneity, localization, GIS, geo-referenced dataAbstract
The politicization of ethnic differences has many manifestations – from ethnic power-sharing to secessionist conflicts, and it is a research challenge to explain the factors underlying it. As a rule, scholars focus on the ethnic heterogeneity of society, measurement of which is based on a variety of metrics concerning the population of ethnic groups. However, measurement of ethnic heterogeneity requires taking into account not only the population but also the territorial localization of ethnic differences, since the territory can simultaneously be of symbolic, economic or some other value for ethnic groups and facilitate or complicate their interactions. Based on studies of ethno-political conflicts and spatial indicators of ethnic heterogeneity, the paper develops a new approach to taking into account the variability of localization of ethnic groups. With the use of GIS-techniques, four indicators of spatial localization are presented: the format of ethnic groups’ localization relative to each other, their configuration, size, and congruence of ethnic and political-administrative borders. These tools provide researchers with new possibilities for the study of ethno-political processes. At the same time, they have certain limitations due to some problems in the existing datasets. DOI: 10.17072/2218-1067-2020-1-116-126References
Белозеров, В. С. и др. (2015) ГИС "Этнический атлас Ставропольского края" в: Геоинформационное и картографическое обеспечение экологических, экономических и социальных аспектов устойчивого развития территорий и проблемы глобализации. Москва: Лаборатория комплексного картографирования Географического факультета МГУ, сс. 13–18. [Belozerov, V. S. et al. (2015) ‘GIS “Ethnic Atlas of Stavropol Territory”’ [GIS “Etnicheskii atlas Stav-ropol'skogo kraya”] in: ‘Geoinformational and cartographic support of ecological, eco-nomic and social aspects of sustainable de-velopment of territories and globalization problems’ [Geoinformatsionnoe i karto-graficheskoe obespechenie ekologicheskikh, ekonomicheskikh i sotsial'nykh aspektov ustoichivogo razvitiya territorii i problemy globalizatsii]. Moscow: Integrated Mapping Laboratory, Faculty of Geography, Lomono-sov Moscow State University Publ., pp. 13–18. (In Russ.)].
Белозёров, В. С., Черкасов, А. А., Чихичин, В. В., Щитова, Н. А. (2017) Картографическое обеспечение проекта «Атлас расселения народов России». Материалы конференции Интеркарто. Москва, сс. 70–81. [Belozerov, V. S., Cherkasov, A. A., Chikhichin, V. V., Shchitova, N. A. (2017) ‘Cartographic support of the project “Atlas of the resettlement of peoples in Russia’ [Kartograficheskoe obespechenie proekta “Atlas rasseleniya narodov Rossii”], Pro-ceedings of the International Conference “InterCarto. InterGIS”, Vol. 23, Part 1, pp. 70–81. (In Russ.)].
Брук, С. И., Апенченко, В. С. (1964) Атлас народов мира. Москва: Главное управление геодезии и картографии. [Bruk, S. I., Apenchenko, V. S. (eds.) (1964) Atlas of the peoples of the world [Atlas narodov mira]. Moscow: General Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography Publ. (In Russ.)].
Камалова, Р. (2013) ‘Этническая гетерогенность: основные понятия и проблемы измерения’, Полития, 4, сс. 127–149. [Kamalova, R. (2013) ‘Ethnic heterogeneity: main con-cepts and measurement problems’ [Etnich-eskaya geterogennost': osnovnye ponyatiya i problemy izmereniya], Politeia, 4, pp. 127–149. (In Russ.)].
Кушнер (Кнышев), П. И. (1951) Этнические территории и этнические границы. Москва: Издательство Академии наук СССР. [Kushner (Knyshev), P.I. (1951) Ethnic ter-ritories and ethnic borders [Etnicheskie ter-ritorii i etnicheskie granitsy]. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences Publ. (In Russ.)].
Alesina, A., Zhuravskaya, E. (2011) ‘Segregation and the Quality of Government in a Cross Section of Countries’, American Economic Review, Vol. 101, 5, pp. 1872–1911.
Birnir, J., Gurr, T. R., Hultquist, A. S., Jonas, A. (2016) ‘About MAR’ [online]. Available at: http://www.mar.umd.edu/about.asp (Ac-cessed: 13 August 2019).
Buhaug, H., Cederman, L.-E., Rød, J. K. (2008) ‘Disaggregating ethno-nationalist civil wars: A dyadic test of exclusion theory’, Interna-tional Organization, 62 (3), pp. 531–551.
Cederman, L.-E., Wimmer, A., Min, B. (2010) ‘Why Do Ethnic Groups Rebel? New Data and Analysis’, World Politics, 62 (1), pp. 87–119.
Deiwiks, C. (2011) Ethnofederalism: A Slippery Slope towards Secessionist Conflict? Zurich: ETH Zurich.
Gurr, T. R. (1993) Minorities at risk: A global view of ethnopolitical conflicts. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Hassner, R. E. (2003) ‘“To Halve and to Hold”: Conflict over Sacred Space and the Problem of Indivisibility’, Security Studies, 12 (4), pp. 1–33.
Laitin, D. D. (2004) ‘Ethnic unmixing and civil war’, Security Studies, 13 (4), pp. 350–365.
Montalvo, G.J., Reynal-Querol, M. (2002) ‘Why ethnic fractionalization? Polarization, ethnic conflict and growth’, Economics Working Papers, 660.
Newman, D. (1999) ‘Real Spaces, Symbolic Spaces: Interrelated Notions of Territory in the Arab–Israeli Conflict’ in: Diehl, P. F. (ed.) ‘A Road Map to War. Territorial Dimensions of International Conflict’. Nashville; London: Vanderbilt University Press, pp. 3–34.
Sambanis, N., Milanovic, B. (2011) ‘Explaining the Demand for Sovereignty’, Policy Research Working Paper, 5888, pp. 1–37.
‘GADM database of Global Administrative Areas’ (2015) [online]. Available at: http://www.gadm.org/. (Accessed: 13 Au-gust 2019).
Toft, M. D. (2002) ‘Indivisible territory, geographic concentration, and ethnic war’, Security Studies, 12 (2), pp. 82–119.
Toft, M. D. (2003) The geography of ethnic violence: Identity, interests, and the indivisibility of territory. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Weidmann, N. B. (2009) ‘Geography as Motivation and Opportunity: Group Concentration and Ethnic Conflict’, Journal of Conflict Resolu-tion, pp. 526–543.
Weidmann, N. B., Rød, J. K., Cederman, L.-E. (2010) ‘Representing Ethnic Groups in Space: A New Dataset’, Journal of Peace Research, 47 (4), pp. 491–499.
Wucherpfennig, J. et al. (2011) ‘Politically Relevant Ethnic Groups across Space and Time: In-troducing the GeoEPR Dataset’, Conflict Management and Peace Science, 28 (5), pp. 423–437.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The author grants the Publisher of the journal (Perm State University) the right to use their article in the journal, as well as to include the text of the abstract, the full text of the article and information about authors in the "Russian Science Citation Index" (RSCI).
The author agrees to the processing of personal data.
The right to use the journal as a whole belongs to the Publisher and acts indefinitely on the territory of the Russian Federation and beyond in accordance with cl. 1260 of the Russian Federation Civil Code.
There is no author's fee paid for providing the above rights by the author.
The author of the article included in the journal retains the exclusive right to it, regardless of the Publisher's right to use the journal as a whole:
a. The authors retain their copyrights to the article and transfer the right of the first publication along with the article to the journal, while also licensing it on the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows others to distribute this article with the obligatory indication of authorship of the article and reference to the original publication in this journal.
b. The authors retain the right to enter into separate, additional contractual agreements for the non-exclusive dissemination of the version of the text published by this journal (for example, post it in a university archive or publish it in a book), with reference to the original publication in this journal.
c. d. Authors are allowed to post their text on the Internet (for example, in a university archive or on their personal website) before and during the review process by this journal, as this can lead to a fruitful discussion and to higher number of the references to this published work (Please refer to The Effect of Open Access).
Submission of an article by the author implies that they agree for it to be used by the Publisher on the above conditions and to be included in the RSCI system. It also implicates that the author is aware of the terms of its use. The information about the author sent to the Publisher, including by e-mail, is also considered as such consent.
The editorial board posts the full text of the article on the Perm State University site: http://www.psu.ru and in the OJS system at http://press.psu.ru
The publication fee is not collected and fees are not paid. The author's copy is sent to the author to the address provided by them.
