CLIMATE POLICY AND LOW-CARBON TRANSFORMATION IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE CORE, SEMI-PERIPHERY, AND PERIPHERY OF THE WORLD ECONOMY (USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE G7, BRICS COUNTRIES, AND LDCS)

Abstract

The article examines spatial differences in greenhouse gas emissions and climate policy among the countries of the global Core, Semi-periphery, and Periphery in the context of the Paris Agreement goals. Global climate change intensifies socio-environmental imbalances and creates the regime of climate injustice, in which states with the smallest contribution to emissions face the most severe consequences of the climate crisis. The methodological framework of the study is based on the geosystem approach and world-systems theory, enabling an analysis of how the levels of development, economic structures, and institutional capacities shape national low-carbon transition pathways. Using data from international organizations and national climate documents, the study provides a comparative assessment of emission dynamics, low-carbon technology development, and the institutional maturity of climate governance. The research results highlight pronounced differentiation among the three groups of countries: emission reductions and technological leadership in the Core; a dual strategy of industrial growth and modernization in the Semi-periphery; predominance of adaptation measures under resource constraints in the Periphery. The study concludes that the global low-carbon transition remains uneven, and reducing climate asymmetries requires enhanced international cooperation, expanded climate finance, and more equitable access to technologies.