“SECRET” EMIGRATION ACROSS THE WESTERN BORDER OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES: MOTIVES, MECHANISMS, AND GOVERNMENT RESISTANCE
Keywords:
Western outskirts, Russian Empire, emigration, migration strategies, legislation, immigration violationsAbstract
The paper focuses on the problem of illegal emigration across the western border of the Russian Empire, using the materials from two archival funds of the Warsaw Governor-General, which are housed in the Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych in Warsaw. Due to various reasons, it is impossible to determine the exact number of illegal immigrants among the total number of people crossing the border. Organized criminal groups had an extensive network of agents engaged in the search for clients and guides who directly ensured border crossings. Foreign transport companies that earned money by sending emigrants to America were also involved in the implementation of illegal business. The authorities of the Russian Empire took measures to strengthen the protection of the western border and to suppress various types of illegal activities. Corruption of the officials, from the lower ranks of the border guard to the county authorities, posed severe challenges to the work of the state apparatus. Nevertheless, despite the rigid nature of the existing legislation, local authorities reacted quite quickly to new methods of illegal border crossing. Judgments on specific cases became precedent in the shortest possible time due to circular orders sent to the places even prior receiving instructions and explanations from the capital authorities.References
Жаров С.Н., Парсуков В.А. Организация сторожевой службы отдельным корпусом пограничной стражи Российской империи в конце XIX ‒ начале XX века // Вестник Челяб. гос. ун-та. 2014. № 20(349). Экономика. Вып. 40. С. 13‒22.
Иванов А.А., Котов А.Э. Экономическое значение и попытки регулирования зарубежной трудо-вой миграции на западных окраинах Российской империи (конец XIX ‒ начало XX века) // Но-вейшая история России. 2020. Т. 10, № 1. С. 70–88.
Ильина О.А. Еврейская эмиграция из Российской империи в Палестину, 1880‒1904 гг.: идеология, практика, мифология: дис. … канд. ист. наук. М., 2009. 217 с.
Кабузан В.М. Эмиграция и реэмиграция в России в XVIII ‒ начале XX века. М.: Наука, 1998. 268 с.
Лавренова А.М. Жандармский надзор в Вержболово накануне Первой мировой войны // Транс-портные коммуникации Российской империи в годы Первой мировой войны / сост. А.С. Сенин, Л.Д. Шаповалова. М.; СПб.: Нестор-История, 2014. С. 168–181.
Лор Э. Российское гражданство: от империи к Советскому Союзу. М.: Новое литературное обо-зрение, 2017. 336 с.
Матвиенко Н.О. Нормативные основы пересечения границы русскими подданными // Вестник Перм. ун-та. Юридические науки. 2011. № 1 (11). С. 58–62.
Оболенский (Осинский) В.В. Международные и межконтинентальные миграции в дореволюционной России и СССР. М.: 3-я тип. Транспечати, 1928. 136 с.
Тарле Г.Я. Эмиграционное законодательство России до и после 1917 года (анализ источников) // Источники по истории адаптации российских эмигрантов в XIX–XX вв.: сб. ст. М.: ИРИ РАН, 1997. С. 31–62.
Путятова Э.Г. Роль пароходных компаний в транспортировке российских эмигрантов в Южную Америку (конец XIX ‒ начало XX в. // Вестник С.-Петерб. ун-та. Политология. Международные отношения. 2009. Вып. 2. С. 281–288.
Тизенко П.Д. Эмиграционный вопрос в России 1820–1910 гг. Либава: Либав. вестн., 1909. 53 с.
Тудоряну Н.Л. Очерки российской трудовой эмиграции периода империализма (в Германию, скандинавские страны и США). Кишинев: Штиинца, 1986. 309 с.
Филиппов Ю.Д. Эмиграция. СПб.: Тип. В.Ф. Киршбаума, 1906. 210 с.
Фуллер У. Внутренний враг: шпиономания и закат императорской России. М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2009. 376 с.
Шенк Ф.Б. Шлюзы трансконтинентальной миграции как места модерности // Вестник Перм. ун-та. История. 2019. Вып. 1 (44). С. 114–128.
Яновский С.Я. Русское законодательство и эмиграция // Журнал Министерства юстиции. 1909. № 4. С. 31–66.
Rogger H. Jewish Policies and the Right-Wing Politics in Imperial Russia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986. viii, 289 p.
References
Filippov, Yu.D. (1906), Emigratsiya [Emigration], Tipografiya V.F. Kirshbauma, St. Petersburg, Russia, 210 p.
Fuller, W. (2009), Vnutrenniy vrag: shpionomaniya i zakat imperatorskoy Rossii [The foe within: fantasies of treason and the end of imperial Russia], Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, Moscow, Russia, 376 p.
Gol'denov, D.M. (1905), Ustav o pasportakh. Po ofitsial'nomu izdaniyu 1903 goda, s Senatskimi i ministerskimi razyasneniyami i s privedeniem dopolnitel'nykh uzakoneniy i pravil [The Statute of Passports. According to the Official Publication of 1903 with Senate and Ministerial Explanations and with the Introduction of Additional Laws and Regulations], Tipografiya N.N. Klobukova, St. Petersburg, Russia, 203 p.
Ilyina, O.A. (2009), Evreyskaya emigratsiya iz Rossiyskoy imperii v Palestinu, 1880–1904 gg.: ideologiya, praktika, mifologiya [Jewish Emigration from the Russian Empire to Palestine, 1880–1904: Ideology, Practice, Mythology], PhD dissertation, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 217 p.
Ivanov, A.A. & A.E. Kotov (2020), “Economic significance and attempts to regulate foreign labor migration on the western outskirts of the Russian Empire (late 19th – early 20th century”, Noveyshaya istoriya Rossii, vol. 10, № 1, pp. 70–88.
Kabuzan, V.M. (1998), Emigratsiya i reemigratsiya v Rossii v XVIII nachale – XX veka [Emigration and Re-emigration in Russia in the 18th – early 20th century], Nauka, Moscow, Russia, 268 p.
Lavrenova, A.M. (2014), “Gendarmerie supervision in Verzhbolovo on the eve of the First World War”, in Senin, A.S. & L.D. Shapovalova (eds.), Transportnye kommunikatsii Rossiyskoy imperii v gody Pervoy mirovoy voyny [Transport communications of the Russian Empire during the First World War], Nestor-Istoriya, Moscow & St. Petersburg, Russia, pp. 168–171.
Lohr, E. (2017), Rossiyskoe grazhdanstvo: ot imperii k Sovetskomu Soyuzu [Russian citizenship: from Russian Empire to the Soviet Union], Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, Moscow, Russia, 336 p.
Matvienko, N.O. (2011), “Normative bases of border crossing by Russian subjects”, Vestnik Permskogo universiteta, № 1(11), pp. 58–62.
Obolenskiy (Osinskiy), V.V. (1928), Mezhdunarodnye i mezhkontinental'nye migratsii v dorevolyutsionnoy Rossii i SSSR [International and Intercontinental Migrations in Pre-revolutionary Russia and the USSR], 3-ya tipografiya Transpechati, Moscow, USSR, 136 p.
Putyatova, E.G. (2009), “The role of steamship companies in the transportation of Russian emigrants to South America (late 19th – early 20th century)”, Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Seriya 6. Politologiya, Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, № 2, pp. 281–288.
Rogger, H. (1986), Jewish Policies and the Right-Wing Politics in Imperial Russia, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA, 289 p.
Shenk, F.B. (2019), “Transcontinental migration gateways as places of modernity”, Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Istoriya, № 1 (44), pp. 114–128.
Tarle, G.Ya. (1997), “Emigration legislation of Russia before and after 1917 (analysis of sources)”, in Istochniki po istorii adaptatsii Rossiyskikh emigrantov v XIX–XX vv. Sbornik statey [Sources on the history of adaptation of Russian emigrants in the 19th and 20th centuries. Collection of articles], Institut rossiyskoy istorii Rossiyskoy akademii nauk, Moscow, Russia, pp. 31–62.
Tizenko, P.D. (1909), Emigratsionnyi vopros v Rossii 1820–1910 gg. [The Emigration Issue in Russia, 1820–1910], Tipolitografiya Livanskiy vestnik, Libava, Russia, 53 p.
Tudoryanu, N.L. (1986), Ocherki rossiyskoy trudovoy emigratsii perioda imperializma (v Germaniyu, Skandinavskie strany i SShA) [Essays on Russian labor emigration during the period of imperialism (to Germany, Scandinavian countries and the USA)], Shtiintsa, Kishinev, Moldova, 309 p.
Ulozhenie o nakazaniyakh ugolovnykh i ispravitel'nykh. Izdanie 1885 goda s vklyucheniem statei po prodolzheniyam 1890 i 1891 godov [The Code of Criminal and Correctional Punishments. Edition of 1885 with the Inclusion of Articles on the Continuations of 1890 and 1891] (n.d.), Gosudarstvennyy sovet, St. Petersburg, Russia, 683 p.
Yanovskiy, S.Ya. (1909), “Russian Legislation and Emigration”, Zhurnal Ministerstva yustitsii, № 4, pp. 31–66.
Zharov, S.N & V.A. Parsukov (2014), “Organization of the guard service by a separate corps of the border guard of the Russian Empire in the late19th – early 20th century”, Vestnik Chelyabinskogo gosudarstvennogo univer-siteta. Ekonomika, № 20 (349), iss. 40, pp. 13–22.
