HERITAGE-AS-PROCESS: THE CONCEPT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES
Keywords:
cultural heritage, heritage studies, critical heritage studies, monument, intangible cultural heritage, Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD), Unauthorized Heritage Discourse (UHD)Abstract
Large-scale transformations in social sciences and the Humanities in the 1960 and 1970s (such as the emergence of cultural studies, memory studies, postcolonial studies and gender studies, public history, etc.) influenced the formation of heritage studies in the 1980s. Within the framework of this field, the concept of heritage has been substantially revised: it began to cover the sphere of the ordinary and everyday; its temporal boundaries have changed, so the objects related to the recent past began to be considered as heritage; the idea of de-monopolization of state experts in determining heritage was proposed. In the 2000s, a separate area of critical heritage studies emerged within heritage studies. Its purpose was to study the discursive practices of defining and using heritage, used primarily by the state and international institutions (the so-called “authorized heritage discourse”, AHD, proposed by a theorist Laurajane Smith); as well as the problematization of heritage as a process of constant rethinking and redefining of identities and cultural values, which involves different social groups, communities and agents. The paper examines the transformation of the understanding of heritage-as-an-object into heritage as a social action and heritage-as-process discussed in heritage studies and critical heritage studies in European countries. It presents an overview of the key stages of their development and subsequent changes, the main research issues and problems, as well as their current debates.References
Артог Ф. Порядок времени, режимы историчности // Неприкосновенный запас. 2008. № 3. С. 19–38.
Ассман А. Длинная тень прошлого: мемориальная культура и историческая политика / пер. с нем. Б. Хлебников. 2-е изд. М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2018. 328 с.
Ассман А. Забвение истории − одержимость историей / пер. с нем. Б. Хлебников. М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2019. 552 с.
Ассман Я. Культурная память. Письмо, память о прошлом и политическая идентичность в высоких культурах древности / пер. с нем. М.М. Сокольской. М.: Языки славянской культуры, 2004. 368 с.
Бойм С. Будущее ностальгии. М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2019. 680 с.
Викери Д. Возрождение городских пространств посредством культурных проектов – синтез социальной, культурной и городской политики // Визуальная антропология: городские карты памяти / под ред. П. Романова, Е. Ярской-Смирновой. М.: Вариант, ЦСПГИ, 2009. С. 205–234.
Джеймисон Ф. Постмодернизм, или культурная логика позднего капитализма. М.: Изд-во Ин-та Гайдара, 2019. 746 с.
Лоуэнталь Д. Материальное сохранение и его альтернативы // Неприкосновенный запас. 2017. № 114. С. 133–153.
Лоуэнталь Д. Прошлое – чужая страна / пер. с англ. А.В. Говорунова. СПб.: Владимир Даль, 2004. 624 с.
Нора П. Проблематика мест памяти // Нора П., Озуф М., Пюимеж Ж. де, Винок М. Франция – память / пер. с фр. Д. Хапаева. СПб.: Изд-во С.-Петерб. гос. ун-та, 1999. С. 17–50.
Ригль А. Современный культ памятников: его сущность и возникновение / пер. с нем. Г. Гимельштейн. М.: V-A-C press, 2018. 95 с.
Эник Н. «Изготовление» культурного наследия // Неприкосновенный запас. 2017. № 114. С. 188–198.
Manifesto // Association for Critical Heritage Studies. URL: https://www.criticalheritage-studies.org/history (accessed: 10.05.2021).
Ashworth G.J., Tunbridge J.E. Pluralising Pasts: Heritage, Identity and Place in Multicultural Societies. L.: Pluto Press, 2007. 248 p.
Ben-Ze’ev E., Lomsky-Feder E. Remaking Generational Memory: Practices of De-canonisation at Historical Museums // International Journal of Heritage Studies. 2020. Vol. 26. Is. 11. P. 1029–1046.
Bendix R.F., Eggert A., Peselmann A. (eds.) Heritage Regimes and the State. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2013. 413 p.
Between Imagined Communities and Communities of Practice: Participation, Territory and the Making of Heritage / eds. by N. Adell, R.F. Bendix, Ch. Bortolotto, M. Tauschek. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2015. 321 p.
Bortolotto Ch. Il processo di definizione del concetto di ‘patrimonio culturale immateriale’: Elementi per una riflessione // Bortolotto Ch. (ed.) Il patrimonio immateriale secondo l’Unesco: Analisi e prospettive. Roma: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2008. P. 7–48.
Byrne D. Heritage as Social Action // The Heritage Reader / G. Fairclough, R. Harrison, J. Jameson Jr., J. Schofield (eds.). L.; N.Y.: Routledge, 2008. P. 149–173.
Choay F. L’Allégorie du patrimoine. P.: Seuil, 1992. 273 p.
Daly P., Chan B. “Putting Broken Pieces Back Together”: Reconciliation, Justice, and Heritage in Post-conflict Situations // A Companion to Heritage Studies / W. Logan, M.N. Craith, U. Kocke (eds.). Malden: John Wiley and Sons, 2015. P. 491–506.
Fournier L.S. Le patrimoine, un indicateur de modernité: À propos de quelques fêtes en Provence // Ethnologie française. 2004. T. XXXIV. Vol. 34. P. 717–724.
Fournier L.S., Giancristofaro L. La régression du patrimoine. Études de cas en Italie et en France. Torino: L'Harmattan Italia, 2020. 112 p.
Francioni F. Plurality and Interaction of Legal Orders in the Enforcement of Cultural Heritage Law // Enforcing International Cultural Heritage Law / F. Francioni, J. Gordley (eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. P. 9–21.
Francioni F., Lenzerini F. The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. 600 p.
Gentry K., Smith L. Critical Heritage Studies and the Legacies of the Late-twentieth Century Heritage Canon // International Journal of Heritage Studies. 2019. Vol. 25, iss. 11. P. 1148–1168.
Graham B., Ashworth G.J., Tunbridge J.E. A Geography of Heritage: Power, Culture and Economy. L.: Arnold, 2000. 295 p.
Grey S., Kuokkanen R. Indigenous Governance of Cultural Heritage: Searching for Alternatives to Co-management // International Journal of Heritage Studies. 2020. Vol. 26, iss. 10. P. 919–941.
Groth S. Negotiating Tradition: The Pragmatics of International Deliberations on Cultural Property. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2012. 190 p.
Harrison R. Heritage. Critical Approaches. L.: Routledge, 2013. 288 p.
Hartog F. Régimes d'historicité. Présentisme et expériences du temps. P.: Seuil, 2003. 272 p.
Heinich N. La fabrique du patrimoine: De la cathédrale à la petite cuillère. P.: Editions de la MSH, 2009. 286 p.
Heritage, Ideology, and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe: Contested Pasts, Contested Presents / M. Rampley, P.G. Stone, P. Davis, C. Whitehead (eds.). Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, Boydell Press, 2012. 216 p.
Heritage Studies Series // Institute Heritage Studies (IHS). URL: https://heritagestudies.eu/en/cate-gory/ publications/heritage-studies-series/ (accessed: 11.05.2021).
Hunter M. Preserving the Past: The Rise of Heritage in Modern Britain. Stroud: Sutton, 1996. 224 p.
Il patrimonio culturale intangibile nelle sue diverse dimensioni / T. Scovazzi, B. Ubertazzi, L. Zagato (eds.). Milano: Giuffrè Editore, 2012. 307 p.
Kultur als Eigentum: Instrumente, Querschnitte und Fallstudien / S. Groth, R.F. Bendix, A. Spiller (Hrsg.). Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2015. 460 p.
Logan W., Kockel U., Craith M.N. The New Heritage Studies: Origins and Evolution, Problems and Prospects // A Companion to Heritage Studies / W. Logan, M.N. Craith, U. Kockel (eds.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2016. P. 1–26.
Lowenthal D. The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012 [1996]. 356 p.
Lumley R. The Debate on Heritage Reviewed // Heritage, Museums and Galleries: An Introductory Reader / G. Corsane (ed.). Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008. P. 15–26.
Noiret S., Cauvin T. Internationalizing Public History // The Oxford Handbook of Public History / P. Hamilton, J.B. Gardner (eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. P. 25–43.
Ochoa Jiménez M.J. Der Schutz materieller Kulturgüter in Lateinamerika universelles, regionales und nationales Recht. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2011. 170 p.
Samuel R. Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture. L.: Verso, 1996. 508 p.
Smith L. The Uses of Heritage. L: Routledge, 2006. 368 p.
Sterling C. Critical Heritage and the Posthumanities: Problems and Prospects // International Journal of Heritage Studies. 2020. Vol. 26, iss. 11. P. 1077–1091.
Stig Sørensen M.L., Carman J. Heritage Studies: An Outline // Heritage Studies: Methods and Approaches / M.L. Stig Sørensen, J. Carman (eds.). L.; N.Y.: Routledge, 2009. P. 11–28.
Taylor J., Gibson L.K. Digitisation, Digital Interaction and Social Media: Embedded Barriers to Democratic Heritage // International Journal of Heritage Studies. 2017. Vol. 23, iss. 5. P. 408–420.
The Cottbus Declaration on Heritage Studies: The Need for a Holistic Understanding of Heritage. 2012. URL: https://heritagestudies.eu/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2018/07/The-Cottbus-Declaration-on-Heritage-Studies.pdf (accessed: 18.05.2021).
The Heritage Reader / G. Fairclough, R. Harrison, J. Jameson Jr., J. Schofield (eds.). L.; N.Y.: Routledge, 2008. 600 p.
Tolia-Kelly D.P., Waterton E., Watson S. Heritage, Affect and Emotion: Politics, Practices and Infrastructures. L.; N.Y.; Routledge, 2016. 338 p.
Waterton E., Watson S. Framing Theory: Towards a Critical Imagination in Heritage Studies // International Journal of Heritage Studies. 2013. Vol. 19, iss. 6. P. 546–561.
Wells J. What is Critical Heritage Studies and How Does It Incorporate the Discipline of History? // Heritage studies. URL: https://heritagestudies.org/index.php/2017/06/28/what-is-critical-heritage-studies-and-how-does-it-incorporate-the-discipline-of-history/ (accessed: 11.05.2021).
Winter T. Clarifying the Critical in Critical Heritage Studies // International Journal of Heritage Studies. 2013. Vol. 6, no. 19. P. 532–545.
Witcomb A., Buckley K. Engaging with the Future of ‘Critical Heritage Studies’: Looking Back in Order to Look Forward // International Journal of Heritage Studies. 2013. Vol. 6, no. 19. P. 562–578.
Understanding Heritage: Perspectives in Heritage Studies / eds. by M.-Th. Albert, R. Bernecker, B. Rudolff. B.: De Gruyter, 2013. 200 p.
References
Manifesto, available at: https://www.criticalheritagestudies.org/history (accessed 10.05.2021).
Adell N., Bendix, R.F., Bortolotto, Ch. & M. Tauschek (eds.) (2015), Between Imagined Communities and Communities of Practice: Participation, Territory and the Making of Heritage, Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, 321 p.
Albert, M.-Th., Bernecker, R. & B. Rudolff (eds.) (2013), Understanding Heritage: Perspectives in Heritage Studies, De Gruyter, Berlin, Germany, 200 p.
Artog, F. (2008), “Order of Time, Regimes of Historicity”, Neprikosnovennyy zapas, vol. 3, pp. 19–38.
Assman, A. (2018), Dlinnaya ten' proshlogo: Memorial'naya kul'tura i istoricheskaya politika [The Long Sha-dow of the Past: Memorial Culture and Historical Politics], Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, Moscow, Russia, 328 p.
Assman, A. (2019), Zabvenie istorii – oderzhimost' istoriey [Oblivion of the Past – Obsession of the Past], No-voe literaturnoe obozrenie, Moscow, Russia, 522 p.
Assman, Y. (2004), Kul'turnaya pamyat'. Pis'mo, pamyat' o proshlom i politicheskaya identichnost' v vysokikh kul'turakh drevnosti [Cultural Memory and Early Civilization: Writing, Remembrance, and Political Imagina-tion], Yazyki slavyanskoy kul'tury, Moscow, Russia, 368 p.
Bendix, R.F., Eggert, A. & A. Peselmann (2013), Heritage Regimes and the State, Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, 413 p.
Ben-Ze’ev, E., & E. Lomsky-Feder (2020), “Remaking generational memory: practices of de-canonisation at historical museums”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, vol. 26, № 11, pp. 1029–1046.
Bortolotto, Ch. (2008), “Il processo di definizione del concetto di ‘patrimonio culturale immateriale’: Elementi per una riflessione”, in Bortolotto, Ch. (ed.), Il patrimonio immateriale secondo l’Unesco: Analisi e prospettiv, Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, Roma, Italy, pp. 7–48.
Boym, S. (2019), Budushhee nostal'gii [Future of Nostalgia], Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, Moscow, Russia, 680 p.
Byrne, D. (2008), “Heritage as Social Action”, in Fairclough, G., Harrison, R., Jameson Jr., J. & J. Schofield (eds.), The Heritage Reader, Routledge, London, UK; New York, USA, pp. 149–173.
Choay, F. (1992), L’Allégorie du patrimoine, Seuil, Paris, France, 273 p.
Daly, P. & B. Chan (2015), “«Putting broken pieces back together»: Reconciliation, justice, and heritage in post-conflict situations”, in Logan, W., Craith, M.N. & U. Kocke (eds.), A Companion to Heritage Studies, John Wiley and Sons, Malden, USA, pp. 491–506.
Dzheymison, F. (2019), Postmodernizm, ili Kul'turnaya logika pozdnego kapitalizma [Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism], Izdatel'stvo Instituta Gaydara, Moscow, Russia, 746 p.
Enik, N. (2017), “«Making» of the Cultural Heritage”, Neprikosnovennyy zapas, vol. 114, pp. 188–198.
Fairclough, G., Harrison, R., Jameson Jr., J. & J. Schofield (eds.) (2008), The Heritage Reader, Routledge, Lon-don, UK; New York, USA, 600 p.
Fournier, L. S. (2004), “Le patrimoine, un indicateur de modernité: À propos de quelques fêtes en Provence”, Ethnologie française, vol. 34, pp. 717–724.
Fournier, L. S. & L. Giancristofaro (2020), La régression du patrimoine. Études de cas en Italie et en France, L'Harmattan Italia, Torino, Italy, 112 p.
Francioni, F. (2013), “Plurality and Interaction of Legal Orders in the Enforcement of Cultural Heritage Law”, in Francioni, F. & J. Gordley (eds.), Enforcing International Cultural Heritage Law, Oxford University Press, Ox-ford, UK, pp. 9–21.
Francioni, F. & F. Lenzerini (2008), The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 600 p.
Gentry, K. & L. Smith (2019), “Critical heritage studies and the legacies of the late-twentieth century heritage canon”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, vol. 25 (11), pp. 1148–1168
Graham, B., Ashworth, G.J. & J.E. Tunbridge (2000), A Geography of Heritage: Power, Culture and Economy, Arnold, London, UK, 295 p.
Grey, S. & R. Kuokkanen (2020), “Indigenous governance of cultural heritage: searching for alternatives to co-management”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, vol. 26, № 10, pp. 919–941.
Groth, S. (2012), Negotiating Tradition: The pragmatics of international deliberations on Cultural Property, Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, 190 p.
Groth, S., Bendix, R.F. & A. Spiller (eds.) (2015), Kultur als Eigentum: Instrumente, Querschnitte und Fallstu-dien, Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, 460 p.
Harrison, R. (2013), Heritage. Critical Approaches, Routledge, London, UK, 288 p.
Hartog, F. (2003), Régimes d'historicité. Présentisme et expériences du temps, Seuil, Paris, France, 272 p.
Heinich, N. (2009), La fabrique du patrimoine: De la cathédrale à la petite cuillère, Editions de la MSH, Paris, France, 286 p.
Hunter, M. (1996), Preserving the Past: The Rise of Heritage in Modern Britain, Sutton, Stroud, UK, 224 p.
Logan, W., Kockel, U. & M.N. Craith (2016), “The New Heritage Studies: Origins and Evolution, Problems and Prospects”, in Logan, W., Craith, M.N. & U. Kockel (eds.), A Companion to Heritage Studies, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, pp. 1–26.
Louental', D. (2004), Proshloe – chuzhaya strana [The Past Is a Foreign Country], Vladimir Dal', S. Petersburg, Russia, 624 p.
Louental', D. (2017), “Material Conservation and Its Alternatives”, Neprikosnovennyy zapas, vol. 114,
pp. 133–153.
Lowenthal, D. (2012 [1996]), The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 356 p.
Lumley, R. (2008), “The Debate on Heritage Reviewed”, in Corsane, G. (ed.), Heritage, Museums and Galleries: An Introductory Reader, Ashgate, Aldershot, UK, pp. 15–26.
Noiret, S. & T. Cauvin (2017), “Internationalizing Public History”, in Hamilton, P. & J.B. Gardner (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Public History, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 25–43.
Nora, P. (1999), “The Problems of the Memory Places”, in Nora, P., Ozuf, M., Piuimezh, Zh. de & M. Vinok Frantsiya-pamiat' [France, the Memory], Izdatel'stvo Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, St. Petersburg, Russia, pp. 17–50.
Ochoa Jiménez, M.J. (2011), Der Schutz materieller Kulturgüter in Lateinamerika universelles, regionales und nationales Recht, Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, 170 p.
Rampley M., Stone P.G., Davis P. & Ch. Whitehead (eds.) (2012), Heritage, Ideology, and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe: Contested Pasts, Contested Presents, Boydell & Brewer, Woodbridge, UK, 216 p.
Rigl', A. (2018), Sovremennyy kul't pamyatnikov: ego sushchnost' i vozniknovenie [The modern cult of monu-ments: its essence and beginning], V-A-C press, Moscow, Russia, 95 p.
Samuel, R. (1996), Theatres of Memory: Past and present in contemporary culture, Verso, London, UK, 508 p.
Scovazzi, T., Ubertazzi, B. & L. Zagato (eds.) (2012), Il patrimonio culturale intangibile nelle sue diverse di-mensioni, Giuffrè Editore, Milano, Italy, 307 p.
Smith, L. (2006), The Uses of Heritage, Routledge, London, UK, 368 p.
Sterling, C. (2020), “Critical heritage and the posthumanities: problems and prospects”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, vol. 26 (11), pp. 1077–1091.
Stig Sørensen, M. L. & J. Carman (2009), “Heritage Studies: An Outline”, in Stig Sørensen, M. L. & J. Carman (eds.), Heritage Studies: Methods and Approaches, Routledge, London, UK; New York, USA, pp. 11–28.
Taylor, J. & L.K. Gibson (2017), “Digitisation, digital interaction and social media: embedded barriers to demo-cratic heritage”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, vol. 23 (5), pp. 408–420.
The Cottbus Declaration on Heritage Studies: The Need for a Holistic Understanding of Heritage (2013), avail-able at: https://heritagestudies.eu/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2018/07/The-Cottbus-Declaration-on-Heritage-Studies.pdf.
Tolia-Kelly, D. P., Waterton, E. & S. Watson (2016), Heritage, Affect and Emotion: Politics, Practices and In-frastructures, Routledge, London, UK; New York, USA, 338 p.
Vikeri, P. (2008), “Revitalizing urban spaces through cultural projects – a synthesis of social, cultural and urban policies”, in Romanov, P. & E. Yarskaya-Smirnova (eds.), Vizual'naya antropologiya: gorodskie karty pamyiati [Visual anthropology: urban memory maps], OOO «Variant», TsSPGI, Moscow, Russia, pp. 205–234.
Waterton, E. & S. Watson (2013), “Framing theory: towards a critical imagination in heritage studies”, Interna-tional Journal of Heritage Studies, vol. 19 (6), pp. 546–561.
Wells, J. (2017), What is Critical Heritage Studies and how does it incorporate the discipline of history?, available at: https://heritagestudies.org/index.php/2017/06/28/what-is-critical-heritage-studies-and-how-does-it-incorporate-the-discipline-of-history/ (accessed 11.05.2021).
Winter, T. (2013), “Clarifying the critical in critical heritage studies”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, vol. 19 (6), pp. 532–545.
Witcomb, A. & K. Buckley (2013), “Engaging with the future of ‘critical heritage studies’: looking back in order to look forward”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, № 19 (6), pp. 562–578.
