GNOSEOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
Keywords:
mathematical model, funeral rite, socio-cultural meaning, representation, factor analysis, statistical methods, correlationAbstract
The article is aimed at describing and analyzing theoretical and methodological foundations of social reconstructions in archaeology. The subject of social reconstructions is the social structure and the object is the funerary ritual. Funerary monuments are the widespread sources, which makes it possible to use quantitative methods for studying the social structure of ancient societies. The social structure, funerary ritual, and their factor mathematical model are considered as self-sufficient multi-structural objects. The authors state that the invariant of a social structure is reflected in the funerary ritual. The specific kind of invariant is defined in many ways by the gnoseological conditions of the building of the mathematical model. The following gnoseological foundations of the mathematical model are highlighted: theoretical and methodological approaches, cognitive and value orientations of the researcher; quality of the excavations, field research, which are reflected in reports, and planimography of funerary monuments. The main theoretical and methodological approaches for studying social structures are described, namely, historicism, evolutionism, and cultural-historical, structural-functional and systematic approaches. The authors analyze the influence of hypothetic-deductive presuppositions of the researcher on the representative set of burials, the selection of the conditions for the analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting model. They conclude that there is a lack of interdisciplinary operational terms and theoretical grounds for the analysis of the processes of getting and understanding the results. The formalized language of the mathematical model does not embrace the social object to its fullest. Semiotic structures of the funerary ritual are of a syncretic nature, which contradicts the uniqueness of mathematical references. The main difficulties are manifested in the separation of pragmatic, mythological, and mental social meanings of archaeological artifacts. They are a priori hidden from the researcher because of the difference in cognitive structures at the different stages of the historical course. The further perspectives are the following: 1) to form interdisciplinary operational terms allowing the researcher to move from the empirical data to gnoseological constructs; 2) to find the ways to minimize the influence of subjective structures on the outcome of the mathematical analysis of archaeological material.References
Вечтомов Е.М. Гносеологический статус математических моделей // Вестник Вят. гос. ун-та. 2011. № 4 (4). С. 6–12.
Голдина Р.Д. Финно-пермский мир в евразийском пространстве (I тыс. до н.э. – I тыс. н.э.) // Историко-культурное наследие народов Урала и Поволжья. 2019. № 2 (7). С. 39–48.
Голдина Р.Д., Бернц В.А. Хронология мужских погребений I–II вв. Тарасовского могильника // Поволжская археология. 2017. № 1 (19). С. 172–198.
Голдина Р.Д., Сабиров Т.Р., Сабирова Т.М. Погребальный обряд Тарасовского могильника I–V вв. на Средней Каме. Казань; Ижевск: Ин-т археологии АН РТ, 2015. Т. III. 297 с.
Ковтун С.П. К вопросу о социальной структуре раннесредневекового населения Верхнего Прикамья (по материалам неволинских могильников IV–V вв.) // Археология, этнография и антропология Евразии. 2010. № 1 (41). С. 44–52.
Коробов Д.С. Социальная организация алан Северного Кавказа IV–IX вв. н.э. СПб.: Алетейя, 2003. 379 с.
Крыштановский А.О. «Кластеры на факторах» – об одном распространенном заблуждении // Социология: методология, методы, математическое моделирование (Социология: 4М). 2005. № 21. С. 172–187.
Лагуткина Е.В. Изучение погребальных памятников в археологии: подходы и методы исследования // КСИА. Общие проблемы изучения погребального обряда. 2010. Вып. 24. С. 19–32.
Рэдклифф-Браун А.Р. Историческая и функциональная интерпретация культуры и практическое применение антропологии в управлении пародами // Метод в социальной антропологии. М.: КАНОН-пресс-Ц; Кучково поле, 2001. С. 63–67.
Уайт Л. Избранное: эволюция культуры. М.: РОССПЭН, 2004. 478 с.
Чусов А.В. Обоснование математики: логическая норма или предметно конструктивная реальность // Философия науки: исторические эпохи и теоретические методы: коллективная монография / под ред. В.Г. Кузнецова. Воронеж: Изд-во ВГУ, 2006. С. 175–230.
Шмуратко Д.В. Археология и социальные реконструкции: границы познания // Вестник научной ассоциации студентов и аспирантов исторического факультета студентов и аспирантов Перм. гос. пед. ун-та. STADIA HISTORICA JENIUM. 2007. № 1(3). С. 91–97.
Шмуратко Д.В. Курганные могильники харинского типа в Верхнем Прикамье в контексте культурно-исторических процессов эпохи Великого переселения народов (статистический анализ погребальных памятников): дис. … канд. ист. наук. Казань, 2012.
Шмуратко Д.В. Статистические методы в археологических исследованиях: история развития (конец XIX – 60-е гг. XX в.) // Исторические, философские, политические и юридические науки, культурология и искусствоведение. Вопросы теории и практики. 2013. № 5. Ч. 2. С. 211–215.
Шутова Н.И. Погребальный обряд удмуртов XVI–XIX вв. // Материалы по погребальному обряду удмуртов: сб. стат. / отв. ред. М.Г. Иванова, Н.И. Шутова. Ижевск: Удмурт. ин-т истории, языка и литературы УрО АН СССР, 1991. С. 4–22.
Binford L.R. Mortuary Practices: Theire Study and Thaire Potential // Memoirs of the Society for American Archaelogy. 1971. No. 25. P. 6–29.
Morgan L.N. Systems of Consangunity and Affinity of the Human Family. University of Nebraska Press Lincoln and London, 1997. 519 р.
Périn P. Possibilités et limites de l’interprétation sociale des cimetières mérovingiennes // Antiquités Nationales. 1998. No. 30. Р. 169–184.
Périn P., Kazanski M. Das Grab Childerichs I // Die Franken, Wegbereiter Europas. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1996. P. 173–182.
Tainter J.A. Mortuary Practices and the Study of Prehistoric Social Systems // Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory. 1978. Vol. 1. P. 105–141.
References
Chusov, A.V. (2006), “Substantiation of mathematics: logical norm or objective constructive reality”, in Kuznetsov, V. G. (ed.), Filosofiya nauki: istoricheskie epohi i teoreticheskie metody [Philosophy of science: historical epochs and theoretical methods: monogr], Izd-vo VGU, Voronezh, Russia, pp. 175–230.
Goldina, R.D. & V. A. Bernts (2017), “Chronology of III–V centuries male graves from the Tarasovo burlag ground”, Povolzhskaja arheologiya, № 1 (19), pp. 172–198.
Goldina, R.D. (2019), “The finno-permian world in the eurasian sprace (I th. BC – I th. AD)”, Istoriko-kul'turnoe nasledie narodov Urala-Povolzhya, № 2 (7), pp. 39–48.
Goldina, R.D., Sabirov, T.R. & T.M. Sabirova (2015), Pogrebal'nyy obryad Tarasovskogo mogil'nika I–V vv. na Sredney Kame [The funeral rite of the Tarasovsky burial ground of the 1st – 5th centuries on the Middle Kama], vol. III, In-t arkheologii AN RT, Kazan, Izhevsk, Russia, 297 p.
Korobov, D.S. (2003), Sotsial'naya organizatsiya alan Severnogo Kavkaza. IV–IX vv. n. e. [Social organization of the Alans of the North Caucasus. IV– IX centuries], Aleteya, St. Petersburg, Russia, 379 p.
Kovtun, S.P. (2010), “Social structure of the early medieval population in the Upper Kama region (based on evidence from the Nevolino burial sites of IV–IX centuries)”, Arheologiya, etnografiya i antropologiya Evrazii, № 1 (41), pp. 44–52.
Kryshtanovskiy, A.O. (2005), “«Clusters based on factors» – аbout one common misconception”, Sotsiologiya: metodologiya, metody, matematicheskoe modelirovanie (Sociologiya: 4M), № 21, pp. 172–187.
Lagutkina, E.V. (2010), “Investigation of burial associations in archaeology: approaches and methods of re-search”, KSIA. Obshhie problemy izucheniya pogrebal'nogo obryada, vol. 24, pp. 19–32.
Perin, P. & M. Kazanski (1996), “Das Grab Childerichs I”, in Die Franken, Wegbereiter Europas, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, Germany, pp. 173–182.
Perin, P. (1998), “Possibilités et limites de l’interprétation sociale des cimetières mérovingiennes”, Antiquités Nationales, № 30, pp. 169–184.
Redkliff-Braun, A. R. (2001), “Historical and functional interpretation of culture and practical application
of anthropology in the management of parodies”, in Metod v sotsial'noy antropologii [Method in social anthro-pology], «KANON-press-C», «Kuchkovo pole», Moscow, Russia, pp. 63–67.
Shmuratko, D.V. (2007), “Archaeology and social reconstructions: the boundaries of knowledge”, Vestnik nauchnoy assotsiatsii studentov i aspirantov istoricheskogo fakul'teta studentov i aspirantov Permskogo gosu-darstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. Seriya: STADIA HISTORICA JENIUM, № 1(3), pp. 91–97.
Shmuratko, D.V. (2012), Kurgannye mogil'niki harinskogo tipa v Verhnem Prikam'e v kontekste kul'turno-istoricheskih protsessov epohi Velikogo pereseleniya narodov (statisticheskiy analiz pogrebal'nyh pamyatnikov) [Burial Mounds of the Harin type in the Upper Kama region in the context of cultural and historical processes
of the epoch of the Great migration of peoples (statistical analysis of funerary monuments)], Extended abstract
of PhD dissertation, Sh. Marjani Institute of History, Kazan, Russia, 232 p.
Shmuratko, D.V. (2013), “Statistical methods in archaeological researches: development history (the end
of XIX – the 60s of XX century), Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki, № 5, Vol. 2, pp. 211–215.
Shutova, N.I. (1991), “The Funeral rite of the Udmurts of XVI-XIX centuries”, in Ivanova, M.G. & N.I. Shutova (eds.), Materialy po pogrebal'nomu obrjadu udmurtov [Materials on the funeral rite of the Udmurts], In-t istorii, yazyka i literatury UrO AN SSSR, Izhevsk, Udmurtia, Russia, pp. 4–22.
Tainter, J. A. (1978), “Mortuary practices and the study of prehistoric social systems”, in Schiffer, M.B. (ed.), Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 1, Elsevier Science Publishing, New York, USA,
pp. 105–141.
Uayt, L. (2004), Izbrannoe: evolyutsiya kul'tury [The Evolution of Culture], ROSSPEN, Moscow, Russia, 478 p.
Vechtomov, E.M. (2011), “Knowledge status of mathematic models”, Vestnik Vyatskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, № 4 (4), pp. 6–12.
