REPRESENTATION OF LORD LIEUTENANTS AND LORD JUSTICES OF IRELAND IN IRISH ODES AND POEMS, 1701–1714
Keywords:
Ireland, Whigs, Tories, Anne Stuart, odes, Alan Broderick, Thomas Herbert (8th Earl of Pembroke), James Butler (2nd Duke of Ormonde), Laurence Hyde (1st Earl of Rochester)Abstract
In the late 17th and early 18th century, Ireland experienced a constitutional struggle in parliament, as well as the gradual development of a party system along the English partisan lines. Reflection of those events in the public sphere (primarily in the works of Molyneux and Swift) remains a popular research topic for Irish historians. This article attempts to look at the development of the Irish political system by examining poetic works in support of the chief governors of Ireland: lord lieutenants and lord justices of 1701–1714. Irish poems dedicated to governors were usually similar to English odes, which in turn were influenced by Abraham Cowley’s Pindarics. Irish odes to lord lieutenants of 1701–1711 had significant genre similarities, and most of them were also similar in general means of representing the chief governor. It was of utmost importance for the authors to show the brilliant ancestry of the ode’s hero; perhaps even more important for them was to show the similarity between the viceroy and the monarch, since the former was supposed to represent the latter. There were, however, significant differences between the odes, which were attributed to the shifting context of Irish politics. The odes of 1707 and 1711 are much more embedded in politics than the odes of 1701 and 1703: since at least 1707, the authors were more likely to include lord lieutenants in the context of Irish and British partisanship, while simultaneously emphasizing the loyalty of recipients to Queen Anne in her struggle against parties. The zenith of partisanship in Ireland coincides with the appearance of short poems with some features of an ode in 1710, which closely associate the figure of the lord lieutenant or lord justice with the Whigs or Tories.References
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References
Connolly, S. G. (2008), Divided kingdom: Ireland, 1630–1800, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 519 p.
Dralle, L. R. (1952), “Kingdom in Reversion: The Irish Viceroyalty of the Earl of Wharton, 1708-1710”, Huntington Library Quarterly, Vol. 15, № 4, pp. 393–431.
Forbes, S. (2018), Print and Party Politics in Ireland, 1689–1714, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, USA, 281 p.
Goldstein, H. D. (1965), “Anglorum Pindarus: Model and Milieu”, Comparative Literature, Vol. 17, № 4, pp. 299–310.
Hayton, D. W. (2016), “An image war: representations of monarchy in early eighteenth-century Ireland”, in Hayton, D. W. & Homes, R. W. (eds.), Ourselves Alone?: Religion, society and politics in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Ireland ; essays presented to S. J. Connolly, Four Courts Press, Dublin, Ireland, pp. 20–41.
Hayton, D. W. (2004), Ruling Ireland, 1685–1742, The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, UK, 304 p.
Mac Góráin, F. (2013), “The Shepherds Jubilee: A Dublin Eclogue from 1701”, Vergilius, vol. 59, pp. 81–110.
McGuinness, R. (1971), English Court Odes, 1660–1820, Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 249 p.
McLoughlin, T. O. (1999), Contesting Ireland: Irish Voices against England in the Eighteenth Century, Four Courts Press, Dublin, Ireland, 248 p.
Revard, S. P. (1993), “Cowley's "Pindarique Odes" and the Politics of the Inter-regnum”, Criticism, vol. 35, № 3, pp. 391–418.
Shankman, S. (1988), “The Pindaric Tradition and the Quest for Pure Poetry”, Comparative Literature, vol. 40, № 3, pp. 219–244.
Wilson, P. (2012), “Pindar and English Eighteenth-Century Poetry”, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, № 112, pp. 157–168.
Wilson, R. “The Vicereines of Ireland and the Transformation of the Dublin Court, c. 1703–1737”, The Court Historian, vol. 19, № 1, pp. 3–28.
