HERITAGE IN THE (POST)SOCIETY: DISSONANCE, CONFLICT, OR SEARCH FOR AGREEMENT?
Keywords:
cultural heritage, post-colonialism, cultural imperialism, cultural relativism, universalism, human rightsAbstract
The article deals with the perception of cultural heritage in the contemporary post-colonial and post-communist countries. Problems of its interpretation and preservation in the field of professional safeguarding and in public discourse are analysed. Two main blocks of problems are identified: 1) the specificity of heritage in the given groups of the societies, and 2) the relationship to the material relics of former colonial or occupying powers in the territories of contemporary independent states.In the first case, the concept of “cultural imperialism”that affects the definition of the universal, suitable for all cultures and civilizations, as well as the selection criteria and evaluation of cultural values and the principles of conservation, administered by international organizations, such as UNESCO, etc, is used. At the same time,the resistance to the Western norms and concepts based on “universal heritage” in the societies of the so-called “Third World” allowed to expand the scope of values to be protected and to begin to apply the principle of “cultural relativism” and “the respect for cultural diversity” on a global scale. Another important research topic is the perception and interpretation of the “dissonant” and “contested”, “controversial” heritage. The issue is particularly relevant in post-communist countries having a whole range of relationships to the “Soviet” – from deliberate rejection to nostalgic perception. With the reference on the experience of post-colonial states, the attempt to look at the legacy of the Soviet era in a much broader context is done, identifying similarities and peculiarities of the phenomenon.References
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References
Audrerie D., Souchier R., VilarL.Le patrimoine mondial. Paris, 1998.
Bach J.«The Taste Remains»: Consumption, (N)ostalgia, and the Production of East Germany. Public Culture. 2002. 1 October, 14 (3).
Bourdier M. Le mythe et l’industrie ou la protection du patrimoine culturel au Japon. Genèses, 1993. Nr. 11.
Burra Charter (The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance). URL: http://www.nationaltrust.com.au/burracharter.html.
Carbonell Ch.-O. Le Moyen Âge, la tradition chrétienne. Les sciences historiques de l‘Antiquité à nos jours. /Sous la dir. de Ch.-O. Carbonell et J. Walsh. Paris, 1994.
Chepaytene R. Kul'turnoe nasledie v global'nom mire. Vil'nyus, 2010.
Choay F. The Invention of the Historical Monument. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Cleere H. Introduction: the Rationale of Archaeological Heritage Management. Archaeological Heritage Man-agement in the Modern World / td. by H. Cleere. London, 2000.
Cramer J. Goodbye Lenin: the Uses of Nostalgia. 2003. URL: http://www.opendemocracy.net/content/
articles/PDF/1433.pdf.
Deacon H., Dondolo L., Mrubata M., Prosalendis S. The Subtle Power of Intangible Heritage. Legal and Financial Instruments forSafeguarding Intangible Heritage. Human Sciences Research Council, HSRC Publichers. 2004.
Finkel E. In Search of Lost Genocide: Historical Policy and International Politics in Post-1989 Eastern Europe. Global Society, 2010. Vol. 24, no. 1.
Geisler I. Domesticating East Germany Communism through Celluloid and Brics. 2003. URL: http://www.opendemocracy.net/content/articles/PDF/1562.pdf.
Huyghe F.-B. Un patrimoine sans patrie?La confusion des monuments. Les Cahiers de médiologie. 1999. № 7.
Jeffries J. The Countries of the Former Soviet Union at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century. The Baltics and the European States in Transition. London, Routledge, 2004.
Johler R. Europe, Identity and the Production of Cultural Heritage. Lietuvos etnologija: socialinės antropologi-jos ir etnologijos studijos. 2002. 2(11).
Kennedy M. D. Cultural Formations of Postcommunism. Emancipation, Transition, Nation, and War. Minneapolis. University of Minesota Press, 2002.
Kulevičius S. Japonijos paveldosaugos savitumai. Kultūros paminklai. 2005. Nr. 12.
Kulevičius S. Kultūros paveldo autentiškumas: reliatyvistinė perspektyva. Lietuvos istorijos studijos. 2006. Nr. 4.
Kulevičius S. Reliatyvistinė paveldosaugos samprata: prielaidos, principai, perspektyvos.Lietuvos istorijos studijos. 2009. Nr. 24.
Labadi S., UNESCO, Cultural Heritage and Outistanding Universal Value.Value-based Analyses of the World Heritage and Intangible Cultural Heritage Conventions. AltaMira Press, 2013.
Larsen K. E. Preface. / Nara Conference on Authenticity in Relation to the World Heritage Convention. Proceed-ings (ed. by Knut Einar Larsen). UNESCO World Heritage Centre, 1995.
Light D. Gazing on Communism: Heritage Tourism and Post-Communist Identities in Germany, Hungary and Romania. Tourism Geographies.2000. № 2.
Logan S. W. Closing Pandora‘s Box: Human Rights Conundrums / Cultural Heritage Protection, Cultural Heritage and Human Rights /еd. by H. Silverman and D. Fairchild Ruggles. Springer, 2007.
Logan S. W., Langfield M., Nic Craith M. Intersecting Concepts and Practices. Cultural Diversity, Heritage and Human Rights. Intersections in Theory and Practice / еd. by Langfield M., Logan S. W.and Nic Craith M. Lon-don, 2010.
Lowenthal D. The Past is a Foreign Country. Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Post-Soviet States /еd. by Barrington L. W. The University of Michigan Press, 2006.
Munjeri D. Tangible and intangible Heritage: from Difference to Convergence. / Museum International. 2004. Vol. 56, Issue 1–2. Р. 12–20.
Nara Conferenceon Authenticity in relation to the World Heritage Convention. Proceedings / еd. by K.E. Larsen. Trondheim, Tapir publishers, 1995.
Negro of Banyoles. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_of_Banyoles.
Osterhammel J.Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview. Markus Wiener Publishers, 2005.
Otfinoski S. Nations in Transition. The Baltic Republics. New York, Facts on File, 2004.
Regards croisés sur le patrimoine dans le monde à l’aube de XXI-e siècle / sous la dir. de Gravari-Barbas M. et Guichard-Anguis S. Paris, 2003.
Sinou A. La valorisation du patrimoine architectural et urbain. Cachiers des sciences humaines, 1993. №29, Vol.1.
Smith L. General introduction. Cultural Heritage. Critical Conceptsin Media andCultural Studies / еd. by L. Smith. London, Routledge, 2007. Vol. 1. P. 6–7.
Smith L. Uses of Heritage. London, Routledge, 2006.
Sullivan Sh. Cultural Values and Cultural Imperialism. / Historic Environment, 1993, Vol. 10, No. 2/3, p. 54-62.
The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures /еd. byB.Ashcroft, G. Griffiths, H.Tifin. London, Routledge, 1989.
The Nara Document on Authenticity.URL: http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/events/documents/event-833-3.pdf.
The Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. URL: http://www.unesco.org/culture/
ich/index.php?lg=EN&pg=00173.
Tunbridge J. E. Whose Heritage? Global Problem, European Nightmare. Building a New Heritage.Tourism, Cul-ture and Identity in the New Europe / еd. by G. J. Ashworth, P. J. Larkham. London, 1994.
Tunbridge J.E., Ashworth G.J. Dissonant Heritage. The Management of the Past as a Resource in Conflict. Chichester, John Wiley and Sons, 1996.
VastokasJ. M.and Vastokas R. K.Sacred Art of the Algonkians: AStudy of the Peterborough Petroglyphs. Peterborough, Mansard Press, 1973.
Wagner P. From Monuments to Human Rights: Redefining «Heritage» in the Work of Council of Europe. Forward Planning: the Functions of cultural Heritage / The Changing Europe. Expert‘s contibutions. 2000.URL: http://www.coe.int/T/E/Cultural_Co-operation/Heritage/Resources/ECC-PAT(2001)161.pdf.
Weeks T. R. Across the Revolutionary Divide. Russia and the USSR 1861–1945. Willey-Blackwell, 2011.
Zawadzka D.The Peterborough Petroglyphs.Kinoomaagewaabkong:Confining the Spirit of Place.16th ICOMOS General Assembly and International Symposium ‘Finding the Spirit of Place – Between the Tangible and the Intangible’, 29 sept. – 4 oct 2008, Quebec. Canada, 2008.
Мооre D. Ch. Is the Post- in Postcolonial is the Post- in Post-Soviet? Baltic Postcolonialism / еd. by V. Kelertas.Amsterdam; New York, 2006.