“WORLD EMPIRES” OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST OF THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C. IN THE THEORETICAL SCHEMES OF SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY
Keywords:
interregional states, the Near East, antiquityAbstract
A feature of the Near Eastern history, observed in antiquity and in the Middle Ages in the first millennium B.C., is the emergence of vast centralized interregional states succeeding one another. In the late 19th century, the French Egyptologist Gaston Maspero showed that this was a gradual stage of integration of the microregion (following the interaction of the superpowers of the Late Вronze Age), and this point of view was shared by the Russian pre-revolutionary scholars N. Kareev and B. Turaev. Soviet research could not ignore the phenomenon, but had to put it in the context of the Marxist categories of the socio-economic “basis” and the political “superstructure”; oddly, an approach to the problem in the 1930s – 1950s was affected by Stalin’s own words about the transience of “Cyrus’ and Alexander’s empires”. However, starting with the work on the multivolume World History in the mid-1950s, the Near Eastern empires were treated as an important, moreover, a diagnostic feature of the second part of antiquity following the transition to the Iron Age. The paramount role in formulating this point belonged to Igor Diakonoff and his colleagues, who explained the emergence of empires by the processes within the oldest societies of the region (their alleged “crisis” in the late second millennium B.C.) and by the need to integrate the region between the center (irrigational societies) and periphery (regions supplying raw materials). Post-Soviet research has developed the theme rather meagerly. A factor strangely overlooked in the forwarded schemes is the rapid economic development of the Near Eastern societies having entered the Iron Age, which backed the demand for their firm political integration.References
Авдиев В.И. Рец. на: История древнего мира. Т. 1: Древний Восток. М., 1936 // Историк-марксист. 1938. № 1. С. 120–126.
Алмазова Н.С. Единая концепция истории древности Р.Ю. Виппера в его работах дореволюци-онного периода // Аристей. 2019. Вып. 20. С. 260–283.
Всемирная история: В 10 т. М.: Госполитиздат, 1955–1965.
Всемирная история. Т. 1: Древний мир. М.: Наука, 2011. 822 с.
Дандамаев М.А. Имперская идеология и частная жизнь в Ахеменидской державе // Вестник древней истории. 1998. № 1. С. 48–56.
Дьяконов И.М. Развитие земельных отношений в Ассирии. Л.: Изд-во ЛГУ, 1949. 152 с.
Дьяконов И.М. Община на древнем Востоке в работах советских исследователей // Вестник древней истории. 1963. № 1. С. 16–34.
Дьяконов И.М. Проблемы экономики. О структуре общества Ближнего Востока до середины II тыс. до н.э. // Вестник древней истории. 1968. № 4. С. 3-40.
Дьяконов И.М. Основные черты древнего общества (Реферат на материале Западной Азии) // Проблемы докапиталистических обществ в странах Востока. М.: Наука, 1971. С. 127–146.
Дьяконов И.М. Пути истории: от древнейшего человека до наших дней. М.: Наука, 1994. 384 с.
Дьяконов И.М. Книга воспоминаний. СПб.: Европ. дом, 1995. 766 с.
Дьяконов И.М., Якобсон В.А. «Номовые государства», «территориальные царства», полисы и империи: Проблемы типологии // Вестник древней истории. 1982. № 2. C. 3–16.
Дьяконов И.М., Якобсон В.А. Гражданское общество в древности // Вестник древней истории. 1998. № 1. С. 22–30.
Дьяконов М.М. Очерк истории древнего Ирана. М.: Изд-во вост. лит., 1961.444 с.
История Востока. Т. 1: Восток в древности. М.: Вост. лит., 1997. 688 с.
История древнего мира. Т. 1: Древний Восток. М.: Соцэкгиз, 1937. 445 с.
История древнего мира. 3-е изд. М.: Наука, 1989. Т. 1–3.
Кареев Н.И. Главные обобщения всемирной истории: Учебное пособие для среднего образова-ния. СПб.: Тип. М. Стасюлевича, 1903. XXVI. 148 с.
Ковалев С.И. История античного общества. Ч. 2: Эллинизм, Рим. М.; Л.: Соцэкгиз, 1936. 318 с.
Кудрявцев О.В. История древнего мира во «Всемирной истории», подготовляемой Академией Наук СССР // Вестник древней истории. 1952. № 1. C. 3–16.
Кудрявцев О.В. Исследования по истории Балкано-Дунайских областей в период Римской им-перии и статьи по общим проблемам древней истории. М.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1957. 411 с.
Ладынин И.А. Понятие «древний Восток» в отечественной историографии ХХ в. // Вестник древней истории. 2019. Т. 79/3. С. 772–796.
Отчет об обсуждении книги о древнем Востоке // Историк-марксист. 1938. № 1. С. 111–119.
Саркисян Г.Х. Самоуправляющийся город Селевкидской Вавилонии // Вестник древней исто-рии. 1952. № 1. С. 68–83.
Саркисян Г.Х. Тигранакерт: из истории древнеармянских городских общин. М.: Изд-во вост. лит, 1960. 158 с.
Сталин И.В. Cочинения. М.: ОГИЗ; Госполитиздат, 1946. Т. 2. 427 с.
Сталин И.В. Марксизм и вопросы языкознания. М.: Госполитиздат, 1953. 55 с.
Струве В.В. Очерки социально-экономической истории древнего Востока. М.; Л.: ОГИЗ, 1934. 75 с. (Известия ГАИМК, 97).
Струве В.В. История древнего Востока. Л.: ОГИЗ; Госполитиздат, 1941. 483 с.
Тураев Б.А. Восток древний // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона. СПб.: Ф.А. Брокгауз И. А. Ефрон, 1892. Т. 7. С. 285–289.
Тураев Б.А. История древнего Востока. Л.: ОГИЗ; Соцэкгиз, 1935. Т. 1–2.
Шофман А.С. Исторические судьбы мировых государств древности // Большевик. 1943. № 78. С. 44–49.
Шофман А.С. Распад империи Александра Македонского. Казань: Изд-во Казан. ун-та, 1984. 224 с.
Шофман А.С. Не угаснет огонь Прометея // Мир историка. Омск, 2009. Вып. 5. С. 370–417.
Якобсон В.А. Становление империи и имперской идеологии в древней Месопотамии // Государ-ство на древнем Востоке. М.: Вост. лит., 2004. С. 124–132.
Янковская Н.Б. Некоторые вопросы экономики Ассирийской державы // Вестник древней исто-рии. 1956. № 1. С. 28–46.
Goldstone J.A., Haldon J.F. Ancient States, Empires, and Exploitation. Problems and Perspectives // The Dynamics of Ancient Empires. State Power from Assyria to Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford Univer-sity Press, 2009. P. 3–29.
Ladynin I.A. The Near Eastern Empires of the First Millennium B.C. in Terms of Ancient Egyptian Texts: The Name Stt/Stt // Scripta antiqua. М.: Собрание, 2011. Вып. 1. С. 316–345.
Lotito M.A. The Reformation of Historical Thought. Leiden: Brill, 2019. XX. 542 p. (St.Andrews Studies in Reformation History, 16).
Maspero G. Histoire ancienne des peuples de l’Orient classique. Paris: Hachette, 1895–1899. T. 1–3.
References
“An account on the discussion of a book on the Ancient Orient” (1938), Istorik-marksist, № 1, pp. 111–119.
Almazova, N.S. (2019), “The General Concept of Ancient History of Robert Yu. Vipper in his Works of the Pre-revolutionary Years”, Aristeas, vol. 20, pp. 260–283.
Avdiev, V.I. (1938), “Rev.: The History of the Ancient World. Vol. 1: Ancient Orient, Moscow, 1936”, Istorik-marksist, № 1, pp. 120–126.
Dandamayev, M.A. (1998), “Official ideology and private life in the Achaemenid empire”, Vestnik drevney istorii, № 1, pp. 48–56.
Diakonoff, I.M. & V.A. Yakobson (1982), “‘Nome states’, ‘territorial kingdoms’, poleis and ‘empires’. Problems of typology”, Vestnik drevney istorii, № 2, pp. 3–16.
Diakonoff, I.M. & V.A. Yakobson (1998), “Ancient Civil Society”, Vestnik drevney istorii, № 1, pp. 22–30.
Diakonoff, I.M. (1949), Razvitie zemel'nykh otnosheniy v Assirii [The development of rural relations at Assyria], Izd-vo LGU, Leningrad, Russia, 152 p.
Diakonoff, I.M. (1963), “Rural community at the Ancient Orient in the works of Soviet researchers”, Vestnik drevney istorii, № 1, pp. 16–34.
Diakonoff, I.M. (1968), “Problems of economics. The structure of Near Eastern society to the middle of the second millennium B.C.”, Vestnik drevney istorii, № 4, pp. 3–40.
Diakonoff, I.M. (1971), “Main features of the ancient society (review based on the data of Western Asia)”, in Problemy dokapitalisticheskih obshchestv v stranah Vostoka [Problems of the pre-capitalist societies in the countries of Orient], Nauka, Moscow, Russia, pp. 127–146.
Diakonoff, I.M. (1994), Puti istorii: ot drevneishego cheloveka do nashikh dnei [Paths of history: from the earliest humans to nowadays], Nauka, Moscow, Russia, 384 p.
Diakonoff, I.M. (1995), Kniga vospominaniy [Book of memoirs], Evropeyskiy dom, St. Petersburg, Russia, 766 p.
Diakonoff, M.M. (1961), Ocherk istorii drevnego Irana [Outline of the history of Ancient Iran], Izdatel’stvo vostochnoy literatury, Moscow, Russia, 444 p.
Goldstone, J.A. & J.F. Haldon (2009), “Ancient States, Empires, and Exploitation. Problems and Perspectives”, in The Dynamics of Ancient Empires. State Power from Assyria to Byzantium, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 3–29.
Istoriya drevnego mira (1989): Istoriya drevnego mira [The history of the ancient world], 3rd ed., 3 vols, Nauka, Moscow, Russia.
Istoriya drevnego mira (1936), Istoriya drevnego mira. T. 1: Drevniy Vostok [The history of the ancient world. Vol. 1: Ancient Orient], Sotsekgiz, Moscow, Russia, 445 p.
Istoriya Vostoka (1997), Istoriya Vostoka. T. 1: Vostok v drevnosti [The history of Orient. Vol. 1: Orient in Antiquity], Vostochnaya literature, Moscow, Russia, 688 p.
Kareev, N.I. (1903), Glavnye obobshcheniya vsemirnoy istorii [Main generalizations of the world history], Tip. M. Stasyulevicha, St. Petersburg, Russia, XXVI, 148 p.
Kovalev, S.I. (1936), Istoriya antichnogo obshchestva. Chast’ 2: Ellinizm, Rim [The history of classical society. Pt. 2: Hellenism, Rome], Sotsekgiz, Leningrad, Russia, 318 p.
Kudryavtsev, O.V. (1952), “Ancient history in the World History being prepared by the USSR Academy of Sciences”, Vestnik drevney istorii, № 1, pp. 3–16.
Kudryavtsev, O.V. (1957), Issledovaniya po istorii Balkano-Dunaiskikh oblastey v period Rimskoy imperii i statyi po obshchim problemam drevney istorii [Studies in the history of the Balkan and Danube provinces under the Roman Empire and papers on the general problems of ancient history], US Izd-vo AN SSSR, Moscow, Russia, 411 p.
Ladynin, I.A. (2011), “The Near Eastern empires of the first millennium B.C. in terms of Ancient Egyptian texts: the name Stt/Stt”, in Scripta antiqua [Scripta antiqua], vol. 1, Sobranie, Moscow, Russia, pp. 316–345.
Ladynin, I.A. (2019), “The concept of the “Ancient Orient” in the Russian and Soviet scholarship of the 20th century”, Vestnik drevney istorii, vol. 79/3, pp. 772–796.
Lotito, M.A. (2019), The Reformation of Historical Thought (St. Andrews Studies in Reformation History, 16), Brill, Leiden, Netherlands, XX, 542 p.
Maspero, G. (1895-1899), Histoire ancienne des peuples de l’Orient classique, 3 vols, Hachette, Paris, France.
Sarkisyan, G.H. (1952), “Self-governing city of Seleucid Babylonia”, Vestnik drevney istorii, № 1, pp. 68–83.
Sarkisyan, G.Kh. (1960), Tigranakert: iz istorii drevnearmyanskikh gorodskikh obshchin [Tigranakert: From the History of the Ancient Armenian City-Communities], Izdatelstvo vostochnoy literatury, Moscow, Russia, 158 p.
Shofman, A.S. (1943), “The historical destinies of the ancient world-states”, Bolshevik, № 78, pp. 44–49.
Shofman, A.S. (1984), Raspad imperii Aleksandra Makedonskogo [The dissolution of the empire of Alexander of Macedonia], Izd-vo Kazan. un-ta, Kazan’, Russia, 224 p.
Shofman, A.S. (2009), “Prometheus’ fire will not cease”, in Mir istorika [World of a historian], vol. 5, Omsk University Press, Omsk, Russia, pp. 370–417.
Stalin, I.V. (1946), Sochineniya [Works], vol. 2, OGIZ; Gospolitizdat, Moscow, Russia, 427 p.
Stalin, I.V. (1953), Marksizm i voprosy yazykoznaniya [Marxism and problems of linguistics], Gospolitizdat, Moscow, Russia, 55 p.
Struve, V.V. (1941), Istoriya drevnego Vostoka [The history of the Ancient Orient], OGIZ; Gospolitizdat, Leningrad, Russia, 483 p.
Struve, V.V. (1934), Ocherki sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoy istorii drevnego Vostoka (Izvestiya GAIMK, 97) [Essays on the social and economic history of the Ancient Orient (Proceedings of GAIMK)], OGIZ, Moscow, Leningrad, Russia, 75 p.
Turaev, B.A. (1892), [Orient, Ancient], in Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar’ Brokgauza i Efrona [Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary], vol. VII, F.A. Brokgauz I.A. Efron, St. Petersburg, Russia, pp. 285–289.
Turaev, B.A. (1935), Istoriya drevnego Vostoka [The history of the Ancient Orient], OGIZ; Sotsekgiz, Leningrad, Russia, vol. 1–2.
Vsemirnaya istoriya (1955-1965), Vsemirnaya istoriya [The world history], 10 vols, Gospolitizdat, Moscow, Russia.
Vsemirnaya istoriya (2011), Vsemirnaya istoriya. T. 1: Drevniy mir [The world history. Vol. 1: The Ancient World], vol. 1, Nauka, Moscow, Russia, 822 p.
Yakobson, V.A. (2004), “The making of empire and imperial ideology in ancient Mesopotamia”, in Gosudarstvo na drevnem Vostoke [State in the Ancient Orient], Vostochnaya literatura, Moscow, Russia, pp. 124–132.
Yankovskaya, N.B. (1956), “Some questions of the economy of the Assyrian empire”, Vestnik drevney istorii, № 1, pp. 28–46.
