The attitude of The USA toward foreign policy of Turkey in 1939-1941
Keywords:
US foreign policy, international relations, the Black Sea straits, Turkey, the Eastern Mediterranean, World War IIAbstract
Turkey and the Black Sea straits are the territories where the interests of different states and competing geopolitical forces have been always crossed. The Turkish government played a big diplomatic game in Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean. The example of Turkey being outside the interests of the USA before World War II gives an op portunity to trace the stages of the involving of the US to the political processes in the region. The article is devoted to the US -Turkish relations on the eve of World War II, and especially to the US’ attitude to the Turkish policy of neutrality. A particular attention is paid to the history of bilateral relations between Ankara and Washington in the context of Turkey’s relations with London, Berlin and Moscow at the early stages of World War II.References
Библиографический список
Гасанлы Дж. П. СССР – Турция: от нейтралитета к холодной войне (1939–1953). М., 2008.
Гасратян М. А. Очерки истории Турции. М., 1983.
Год кризиса. 1938–1939: Документы и материалы: в 2 т. М., 1990. Т. 1.
Данилов А.А., Пыжиков А.В. Рождение сверхдержавы: СССР в первые послевоенные годы. М., 2001.
Гальдер Ф. Военный дневник: Ежедневные записи начальника генерального штаба сухопутных войск. 1939–1942 гг. Т. 2: От начала войны с Польшей до конца наступления на Западном фронте (1939–1940). М., 1968.
Гальдер Ф. Военный дневник: Ежедневные записи начальника генерального штаба сухопутных войск. 1939–1942 гг. Т. 3, кн. 2.: От начала Восточной кампании до наступления на Сталинград (1941–1942). М., 1971.
Еремеев Д. Е. Турция в годы второй мировой и «холодной» войн (1939–1990). М., 2005.
Лаврова Т.В. Черноморские проливы (Исторический очерк). Ростов н/Д, 1997.
Миллер А.Ф. Очерки новейшей истории Турции. М., 1948.
Миллер А.Ф. Актуальные проблемы новой и новейшей истории Турции. М., 1983.
Моисеев П. П. К истории советско-турецких отношений. М., 1958.
Поцхверия Б. М. Советско-турецкие отношения и проблема Проливов, в годы второй мировой войны и в послевоенные десятилетия // Россия и Черноморские проливы (XVIII – XX столетия). М., 1999.
Поздеева Л.В. Англо-американские отношения в годы второй мировой войны. 1941–1945 гг. М., 1969.
Секретные документы, карты и схемы германского главного командования о подготовке немецких фашистов к нападению на Турцию. // Правда. 1941. 26 июня.
РГАСПИ. Ф. 558. Оп. 11. Д. 388. Л. 16–17.
РГАСПИ. Ф. 82. Оп. 2. Д. 1329. Л. 27.
Чевтаев А.Г. Политика Великобритании в Средиземноморье в годы второй мировой войны (1939– 1943 гг.). Свердловск, 1988.
Шамшутдинов А.М. Турецкая Республика: краткий очерк истории. 1923–1961. М., 1962.
Alvarez D. Bureaucracy and Cold War Diplomacy: The United States and Turkey, 1943–1946. Thessalonica, 1980.
Athanassopoulou E. Turkey-Anglo-American security interests, 1945–1952: the first enlargement of NATO. London, 1999.
Ataöv T. Turkish Foreign Policy, 1939–1945. Ankara, 1965.
Burns J. M. Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox. New York, 1956.
Bennett E. FDR and the Search for Victory: American-Soviet Relations, 1939–1945. Wilmington, 1990.
Bilgin M. Britain and Turkey in the Middle East: Politics and Influence in the Early Cold War Era. London, 2008.
Combs J. A. The History of American Foreign Policy. New York, 1986.
Dallek R. Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945. New York, 1979.
Deringil S. Turkish foreign policy during the Second World War: an “active” neutrality. New York, 1989.
Perkins D. The Diplomacy of a New Age. London, 1967.
Pratt J. W. A. A History of United States Foreign Policy. New-Jearsey, 1955.
Feis H. Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference. New York, 1967.
FRUS. 1940. Vol. III. Washington, 1958.
FRUS. 1941. Vol. III. Washington, 1958.
Hale W. Turkish foreign policy 1774–2000. London, 2008.
Hurewitz J. C. Middle East Dilemmas. The Background of the United States Policy. New York, 1953.
Howard H. Turkey, the Straits and U.S. Policy; Baltimore, 1974.
Irving D. Breach of Security. London, 1968.
Karpat K. Turkey’s Foreign Policy in Transition, 1950–1974. Leiden, 1975.
Rubin B. The Great Powers in the Middle East 1941–1947: The Road to the Cold War. London, 1980.
Speiser E. A. The United States and the Near East. Cambridge, 1947.
Tamkin N. Britain, Turkey and the Soviet Union, 1940–45: Strategy, Diplomacy and Intelligence in the Eastern Mediterranean. New York, 2009.
Trask R. The United States response to Turkish nationalism and reform 1914–1939. Minnesota, 1971.
Zhivkova L. Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1933–1939. London, 1976.
References
Gasanly Dzh. P. SSSR – Turtsiya: ot neytraliteta k kholodnoy voyne (1939–1953). M., 2008.
Gasratyan M. A. Ocherki istorii Turtsii. M., 1983.
God krizisa. 1938–1939: Dokumenty i materialy: v 2 t. M., 1990. T. 1.
Danilov A.A., Pyzhikov A.V. Rozhdenie sverkhderzhavy: SSSR v pervye poslevoennye gody. M., 2001.
Gal'der F. Voennyy dnevnik: Ezhednevnye zapisi nachal'nika general'nogo shtaba sukhoputnykh voysk. 1939–1942 gg. T. 2: Ot nachala voyny s Pol'shey do kontsa nastupleniya na Zapadnom fronte (1939–1940). M., 1968.
Gal'der F. Voennyy dnevnik: Ezhednevnye zapisi nachal'nika general'nogo shtaba sukhoputnykh voysk. 1939–1942 gg. T. 3, kn. 2.: Ot nachala Vostochnoy kampanii do nastupleniya na Stalingrad (1941–1942). M., 1971.
Eremeev D. E. Turtsiya v gody vtoroy mirovoy i «kholodnoy» voyn (1939–1990). M., 2005.
Lavrova T.V. Chernomorskie prolivy (Istoricheskiy ocherk). Rostov n/D, 1997.
Miller A.F. Ocherki noveyshey istorii Turtsii. M., 1948.
Miller A.F. Aktual'nye problemy novoy i noveyshey istorii Turtsii. M., 1983.
Moiseev P. P. K istorii sovetsko-turetskikh otnosheniy. M., 1958.
Potskhveriya B. M. Sovetsko-turetskie otnosheniya i problema Prolivov, v gody vtoroy mirovoy voyny i v poslevoennye desyatiletiya // Rossiya i Chernomorskie prolivy (XVIII – XX stoletiya). M., 1999.
Pozdeeva L.V. Anglo-amerikanskie otnosheniya v gody vtoroy mirovoy voyny. 1941–1945 gg. M., 1969.
Sekretnye dokumenty, karty i skhemy germanskogo glavnogo komandovaniya o podgotovke nemetskikh fashistov k napadeniyu na Turtsiyu. // Pravda. 1941. 26 iyunya.
RGASPI. F. 558. Op. 11. D. 388. L. 16–17.
RGASPI. F. 82. Op. 2. D. 1329. L. 27.
Chevtaev A.G. Politika Velikobritanii v Sredizemnomor'e v gody vtoroy mirovoy voyny (1939–1943 gg.). Sverdlovsk, 1988.
Shamshutdinov A.M. Turetskaya Respublika: kratkiy ocherk istorii. 1923–1961. M., 1962.
Alvarez D. Bureaucracy and Cold War Diplomacy: The United States and Turkey, 1943–1946. Thessalonica, 1980.
Athanassopoulou E. Turkey-Anglo-American security interests, 1945–1952: the first enlargement of NATO. London, 1999.
Ataöv T. Turkish Foreign Policy, 1939–1945. Ankara, 1965.
Burns J. M. Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox. New York, 1956.
Bennett E. FDR and the Search for Victory: American Soviet Relations, 1939–1945. Wilmington, 1990.
Bilgin M. Britain and Turkey in the Middle East: Politics and Influence in the Early Cold War Era. London, 2008.
Combs J. A. The History of American Foreign Policy. New York, 1986.
Dallek R. Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945. New York, 1979.
Deringil S. Turkish foreign policy during the Second World War: an “active” neutrality. New York, 1989.
Perkins D. The Diplomacy of a New Age. London, 1967.
Pratt J. W. A. A History of United States Foreign Policy. New-Jearsey, 1955.
Feis H. Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference. New York, 1967.
FRUS. 1940. Vol. III. Washington, 1958.
FRUS. 1941. Vol. III. Washington, 1958.
Hale W. Turkish foreign policy 1774–2000. London, 2008.
Hurewitz J. C. Middle East Dilemmas. The Background of the United States Policy. New York, 1953.
Howard H. Turkey, the Straits and U.S. Policy; Baltimore, 1974.
Irving D. Breach of Security. London, 1968.
Karpat K. Turkey’s Foreign Policy in Transition, 1950–1974. Leiden, 1975.
Rubin B. The Great Powers in the Middle East 1941–1947: The Road to the Cold War. London, 1980.
Speiser E. A. The United States and the Near East. Cambridge, 1947.
Tamkin N. Britain, Turkey and the Soviet Union, 1940–45: Strategy, Diplomacy and Intelligence in the Eastern Mediterranean. New York, 2009.
Trask R. The United States response to Turkish nationalism and reform 1914–1939. Minnesota, 1971.
Zhivkova L. Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1933–1939. London, 1976.