CHALLENGES OF SANCTION COALITION FORMATION AGAINST RUSSIA IN A MULTIPOLAR SYSTEM

Abstract

In 2022, Russia became the target of historically unprecedented sanctions imposed by a coalition of Western countries led by the United States. However, countries in Latin America, Africa and most Asian countries refrained from joining the sanctions regime. This article aims to analyze the circumstances under which the sanctions against Russia have not attracted unequivocal support from the majority of the states. The analysis focuses on the cases of Brazil, Turkey, and several African states. Contrary to the traditional models of political alignment outlined within structural realism, such as balancing or bandwagoning strategies, these countries tend to respond to each challenge individually, maximizing potential gains and minimizing political risks by adhering to a 'hedging' strategy. The states abstaining from the anti-Russian sanctions demonstrate a willingness to mediate the Ukrainian conflict and capitalize on the opportunities presented by Russia’s isolation from the West, including trade concessions like discounted fuel or grain donations. They also maintain partnerships with Russia, whose political authority acts as a counterweight in disputes with Western nations. The findings of the study corroborate with the tenets inherent in 'hedging' concept, positing that during the fragmentation of global processes, states, in pursuit of their own interests, are actively diverging from traditional approaches of political alignment.