THE INFLUENCE OF THE POLITICAL COURSE OF THE ELECTED AUTHORITIES ON THE UNELECTED ONES IN TUTELARY REGIMES: THE CASE OF THE RECRUITMENT TO THE EXPEDIENCY DISCERNMENT COUNCIL OF IRAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2021-4-97-110Keywords:
tutelary regime; Expediency Discernment Council; elite recruitment; IranAbstract
The study identifies the effect of the elected bodies` policies on non-elected ones in tutelary regimes. The hypothesis is that the president’s policies may influence recruitment to one of the key government bodies in Iran ‒ the Expediency Discernment Council ‒ which is the de facto third chamber of Parliament. The study shows that the policies of the president influence recruitment through political reforms and the expansion of political representation of various elite groups with differentiated social capital. This influence is reflected both in the general structure of recruiting and by the representation of elite groups (such as security, defense and law enforcement agencies and clergy), political parties, scientific specializations, and professions of provincial origin. Changes in the social composition of the Assembly are associated with the policies of the presidents, the expansion or limitation of the political participation of different groups in the country as a whole. No policies have a significant impact on education. This study shows that elected institutions are more important in tutelary regimes than it is generally presumed.References
Мамедова, Н. М. (2016) ‘Иран: особенности формирования политической элиты’, Восток. Афро-азиатские общества: история и современность, 1, сс. 121–127. [Mamedova, N. M. (2016) ‘Iran: Features of the Political Elite Formation’ [Iran: osobennosti formirovaniya politicheskoy elity], Vostok/Oriens, 1, рp. 121–127 (In Russ.)].
Abdolmohammadi, P., Cama, G. (2015) ‘Iran as a Peculiar Hybrid Regime: Structure and Dynamics of the Islamic Republic’, Brit-ish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 42, 4, рр. 558–578.
Abrahamian, E. (1979) ‘Iran in the Revolution: The Opposition Forces’, Middle East and Research Information Project, 75/76, рр. 3–8.
Akhavi, S. (1981) ‘Elite Factionalism in the Is-lamic Republic of Iran’, Middle East Journal, Vol. 41, 2, рр. 181–201.
Akhavi-Poor, H., Azodanloo, H. (1998) ‘Econom-ic bases of political factions in Iran’, Cri-tique: Journal for Critical Studies of the Middle East, Vol. 7, 13, рр. 69–82.
Alem, Y. (2011) Duality by Design: The Iranian Electoral System. Washington, D.C.: In-ternational Foundation for Electoral Sys-tems.
Arjomand, S. A. (2000) ‘Civil Society and the Rule of Law in the Constitutional Poli-tics in Iran under Khatami’, Social Re-search, Vol. 67, 2, рр. 283–301.
Assiri, A.-R., Al-Monoufi, K. (1988) ‘Kuwait's Political Elite: The Cabinet’, Middle East Journal, Vol. 42, 1, рр. 48–58.
Baktiari, B. (1996) Parliamentary Politics in Rev-olutionary Iran: The Institutionalization of Factional Politics. University Press of Florida.
Barr, M. (2014) The ruling elite of Singapore: Networks of power and influence. IB Tau-ris.
Beeman, W. O. (2013) ‘Iran`s Islamic Republic’ in: Esposito, J. L., Shahin, E.E. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Poli-tics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 399–410.
Behrooz, M. (1991) ‘Factionalism in Iran under Khomeini’, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 27, 4, рр. 597–614.
Blondel, J., Thiébault, J-L. (eds.) (1991) The Pro-fession of Government Minister in Western Europe. London: Macmillan.
Boroujerdi, M., Rahimkhani, K. (2016) ‘The Of-fice of the Supreme Leader: Epicenter of a Theocracy’ in: Brumberg, D., Farhi, F. (eds.) Power and Change in Iran: Politics of Contention and Conciliation. Bloom-ington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, pp. 135–165.
Boroujerdi, M., Rahimkhani, K. (2018) Postrevo-lutionary Iran. A Political Handbook. Sy-racuse, New York: Syracuse University Press.
Buchta, W. (2000) Who Rules Iran? The structure of Power in the Islamic Republic. Wash-ington: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.
Corboz, E. (2015) ‘Khomeini in Najaf: The Reli-gious and Political Leadership of an Ex-iled Ayatollah’, Die Welt des Islams, Vol. 55, 2, рр. 221–248.
Dabashi, H. (1993) Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran. New York: New York University Press.
Dowding, K., Dumont, P. (eds.) (2014) The Se-lection of Ministers around the World. New York: Routledge.
Faksh, M. A. (1976) ‘Education and Elite Re-cruitment: An Analysis of Egypt's Post-1952 Political Elite’, Comparative Educa-tion Review, Vol. 20, 2, рр. 140–150.
Forozan, H., Shahi, A. (2017) ‘The Military and the State in Iran: The Economic Rise of the Revolutionary Guards’, The Middle East Journal, Vol. 71, 1, рр. 67–86.
Gaxie, D. (2017) Political and Social Back-grounds of Political Elites. The Palgrave Handbook of Political Elites. Palgrave, рр. 489–506.
Ghamari-Tabrizi, B. (2013) ‘Women`s Rights, Sharia`a Law, and the Secularization of Islam in Iran’, International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Vol. 26, 3, рр. 237–253.
Ghiabi, M. (2019) ‘The council of expediency: crisis and statecraft in Iran and beyond’, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 55, 5, рр. 837–853.
Gilbert, L.; Mohseni, P. (2011) ‘Beyond authori-tarianism: The conceptualization of hy-brid regimes’, Studies in Comparative In-ternational Development, 46(3), р. 270.
Golkar, S. (2016) ‘Configuration of Political Elites in Post-revolutionary Iran’, Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. 23, 1, рр. 281–292.
Habibi, N. (2015) Iran`s Overeducation Crisis: Causes and Ramifications. Middle East Brief. No. 89. URL: https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB89.pdf.
Hossainzadeh, N. (2014) ‘Ruholla Khomeini`s Political Thought: Elements of Guardian-ship, Consent, and Representative Gov-ernment’, Journal of Shi`a Islamic Stud-ies, Vol. 7, 2, рр. 129–150.
Kamrava, M. (2008) Iran's Intellectual Revolu-tion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Khosrokhavar, F. (2001) ‘Neo‐conservative intel-lectuals in Iran’, Critique: Journal for Critical Studies of the Middle East, Vol. 10, 19, рр. 5–30.
Ladd, E. C. Jr., Lipset, S. M. (1972) ‘Politics of Academic Natural Scientists and Engi-neers’, Science, Vol. 176, 4039, рр. 1091–1100.
Le Vine, V. T. (1968) ‘Political Elite Recruit-ment and Political Structure in French-Speaking Africa’, Cahiers d'Études Afri-caines, Vol. 8, 31, рр. 369–389.
Li, Ch., Bachman, D. (1989) ‘Localism, Elitism, and Immobilism: Elite Formation and Social Change in Post-Mao China’, World Politics, Vol. 42, 1, рр. 64–94.
Levitsky, S., Way, L. (2010) Competitive Authori-tarianism. Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lob, E. (2020) Iran's Reconstruction Jihad: Rural Development and Regime Consolidation after 1979. Cambridge University Press.
Malek, M. H. (1989) ‘Elite factionalism in the post-revolutionary Iran’, Journal of Con-temporary Asia, Vol. 19, 4, рр. 435–460.
Martin, V. (2000) Creating an Islamic State: Khomeini and the Making of a New Iran. London: Tauris.
Matsunaga, Y. (2009) ‘The Secularization of a Faqih-Headed Revolutionary Islamic State of Iran: Its Mechanisms, Processes, and Prospects’, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vol. 29, 3, рр. 468–482.
Matthews, D. R. (1984) ‘Legislative Recruitment and Legislative Careers’, Legislative Stud-ies Quarterly, Vol. 9, 4, рр. 547–585.
Mavani, H. (2001) ‘Analysis of Khomeini’s Proofs for al-Wilaya al-Mutlaqa (Com-prehensive Authority) of the Jurist’ in: Walbridge, L. S. (ed.) The Most Learned of the Shi‘a: The Institution of the Marjaʿ al-Taqlid, pp. 183–210. New York: Ox-ford University Press.
Mozaffari, M. (1993) ‘Changes in the Iranian Political System after Khomeini's Death’, Political Studies, Vol. 41, 4, рр. 611–617.
Najdi, Y., Karim, M. A. B. A. (2012) ‘The Role of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) and the Future of Democ-racy in Iran: Will Oil Income Influence the Process?’, Democracy and Security, Vol. 8, 1, рр. 72–89.
Naini, M. (2006) ‘Iran`s second chamber? The guardian council’, The Journal of Legisla-tive Studies, Vol. 12, 2, рр. 198–222.
Namazi, R. (2019) ‘Ayatollah Khomeini: From Islamic Government to Sovereign State’, Iranian Studies, Vol. 52, 1–2, рр. 111–131.
Ostovar, A. (2016) Vanguard of the Imam: Reli-gion, Politics, and Iran`s Revolutionary Guards. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Putnam, R. D. (1976) The Comparative Study of Political Elites. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Randjbar-Daemi, S. (2013) ‘Building the Islamic State: The Draft Constitution of 1979 Reconsidered’, Iranian Studies, Vol. 46, 4, рр. 641–663.
Page, E. C., Wright, V. (1999) Bureaucratic Elites in Western European States: A Comparative Analysis of Top Officials. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Papan-Martin, F. (translator) (2014) ‘The Consti-tution of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1989 Edition)’, Iranian Studies, Vol. 47, 1, рр. 159–200.
Putnam, R. D. (1977) ‘Elite Transformation in Advance Industrial Societies: An Empiri-cal Assessment of the Theory of Tech-nocracy’, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 10, 3, рр. 383–411.
Rakel, E. P. (2008) The Iranian Political Elite, State and Society Relations, and Foreign Relations since the Islamic Revolution. Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amster-dam.
Razavi, R. (2010) ‘The Road to Party Politics in Iran’, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 46, 1, рр. 79–96.
Rothacher, A. (1993) The Japanese power elite. Springer.
Sakhtare Majme (2019) Council Structure. URL: http://www.maslahat.ir/index.jsp?fkeyid=&siteid=3&pageid=409 (дата обращения: 20.07.2019).
Sayari, S., Bilgin, H. D. (2011) ‘Paths to Power: The Making of Cabinet Ministers in Tur-key’, Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 64, 4, рр. 737–762.
Searing, D. (1969) ‘The Comparative Study of Elite Socialization’, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 1, 4, рр. 471–500.
Schahgaldian, N. B. (1989) The Clerical Estab-lishment in Iran. RAND Corporation
Schirazi, A. (1997) The Constitution of Iran: Poli-tics and the State in the Islamic Republic. London: I. B. Tauris.
Shannon, M. (2015) ‘American-Iranian Allianc-es: International Education, Moderniza-tion, and Human Rights during the Pah-lavi Era’, Diplomatic History, Vol. 39, 4, рр. 661–688
Tamadonfar, M. (2001) ‘Islam, Law, and Political Control in Contemporary Iran’, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 40, 2, рр. 205–219.
Tarikhe Majme. (2019) History of the Council. URL: http://www.maslahat.ir/index.jsp?fkeyid=&siteid=3&pageid=421 (дата об-ращения: 20.07.2019).
Vakili‐Zad, C. (1994) ‘Conflict among the ruling revolutionary elite in Iran’, Middle East-ern Studies, Vol. 30, 3, рр. 618–631.
Valibeigi, M. (1993) ‘Islamic Economics and Economic Policy Formation in Post-Revolutionary Iran: A Critique’, Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 27, 3, рр. 793–812.
Wakeling, P., Savage, M. (2015) ‘Entry to Elite Positions and the Stratification of Higher Education in Britain’, The Sociological Review, Vol. 63, рр. 290–320.
Wigell, M. (2008) ‘Mapping ‘hybrid regimes’: Regime types and concepts in compara-tive politics’, Democratisation, 15(2), рр. 230–250.
Zang, X. (2004) Elite dualism and leadership se-lection in China. Routledge.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The author grants the Publisher of the journal (Perm State University) the right to use their article in the journal, as well as to include the text of the abstract, the full text of the article and information about authors in the "Russian Science Citation Index" (RSCI).
The author agrees to the processing of personal data.
The right to use the journal as a whole belongs to the Publisher and acts indefinitely on the territory of the Russian Federation and beyond in accordance with cl. 1260 of the Russian Federation Civil Code.
There is no author's fee paid for providing the above rights by the author.
The author of the article included in the journal retains the exclusive right to it, regardless of the Publisher's right to use the journal as a whole:
a. The authors retain their copyrights to the article and transfer the right of the first publication along with the article to the journal, while also licensing it on the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows others to distribute this article with the obligatory indication of authorship of the article and reference to the original publication in this journal.
b. The authors retain the right to enter into separate, additional contractual agreements for the non-exclusive dissemination of the version of the text published by this journal (for example, post it in a university archive or publish it in a book), with reference to the original publication in this journal.
c. d. Authors are allowed to post their text on the Internet (for example, in a university archive or on their personal website) before and during the review process by this journal, as this can lead to a fruitful discussion and to higher number of the references to this published work (Please refer to The Effect of Open Access).
Submission of an article by the author implies that they agree for it to be used by the Publisher on the above conditions and to be included in the RSCI system. It also implicates that the author is aware of the terms of its use. The information about the author sent to the Publisher, including by e-mail, is also considered as such consent.
The editorial board posts the full text of the article on the Perm State University site: http://www.psu.ru and in the OJS system at http://press.psu.ru
The publication fee is not collected and fees are not paid. The author's copy is sent to the author to the address provided by them.
