ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS RELATIONS AS A FACTOR OF THE ETHNOPOLITICAL PROCESS IN CRIMEA (BASED ON SURVEY MATERIALS)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2021-4-88-96Keywords:
ethnopolitical and confessional relations; ethnopolitical process; Crimea; questionnaire surveysAbstract
The article identifies the factors of ethnic and interconfessional relations, conducts a comparative analysis of public opinion of the residents of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol on this topic. The article is carried out within the framework of the constructivist approach and is based on questionnaire surveys organized by political scientists of Kuban State University. As a result of the analysis of the development of ethnopolitical relations, the authors explain a decrease in the level of conflict between general political, ethnic and confessional factors. The economic and socio-demographic factors of ethnopolitical relations are still significant. The territorial contrast of ethnopolitical and confessional relations in the Crimea remains. Interethnic and inter-confessional relations are assessed by the respondents as personally significant and influencing political processes, to a greater extent in the Republic of Crimea. Interethnic and interconfessional relations are perceived as a significant factor of development dependent on socio-economic and political circumstances. The inter-group distances are reduced in relation to Russians and Orthodox Christians and increased in relation to Crimean Tatars and Muslims. The asymmetry of perceptions of conflict between ethnic and confessional groups is established. Civil identity is most common among Russian youth, the least common among Crimean Tatar.References
Баранов, А. В. (2019) ‘Межэтнические и кон-фессиональные отношения молодёжи в Крыму и Севастополе (на материалах массовых опросов)’, Каспийский реги-он: политика, экономика, культура, 4 (61), cс. 66–73. [Baranov, A. V. (2019) ‘Interethnic and confessional relations of youth in the Crimea and Sevastopol (based on the materials of mass surveys)’ [Mezhjetnicheskie i konfessional’nye otnoshenija molodjozhi v Krymu i Sevas-topole (na materialah massovyh oprosov)], Kaspijskij region: politika, ekonomika, kul’tura, 4 (61), pр. 66–73. (In Russ.)].
% крымчан считают невозможными меж-национальные конфликты на полуост-рове (2019) [85% of Crimeans consider interethnic conflicts on the Peninsula impossible [85% krymchan schitajut nevozmozhnymi mezhnacional'nye kon-flikty na poluostrove] [Online]. Available at: URL: https://kianews24.ru/news/85-krimchan-schitayut-nevozmozhnimi-mezhnac/ (Accessed: 27 May 2021). (In Russ.)].
Воссоединение Крыма и Севастополя с Росси-ей: итоги первых шести лет (2020) [The reunion of Crimea and Sevastopol with Russia: the results of the first six years [Vossoedinenie Kryma i Sevasto-polja s Rossiej: itogi pervyh shesti let] [Online]. URL: https://wciom.ru/analytical-reviews/analiticheskii-obzor/vossoedinenie-kryma-i-sevastopolya-s-rossiej-itogi-pervykh-shesti-let (Accessed: 27 May 2021). (In Russ.)].
Выборы депутатов Государственного совета Республики Крым второго созыва (2019) [Elections of deputies of the State Council of the Republic of Crimea of the second convocation [Vybory deputatov Gosudarstvennogo Soveta Respubliki Krym vtorogo sozyva] [Online]. URL; http://www.crimea.vybory.izbirkom.ru/region/region/crimea?action=show&root=1&tvd=2932000424784&vrn=2932000424779®ion=93&global=&sub_region=93&prver=0&pronetvd=0&vibid=2932000424784&type=228 (Accessed: 27 May 2021). (In Russ.)].
Занятость и безработица в Российской Феде-рации в феврале 2021 г. (2021). [Em-ployment and unemployment in the Rus-sian Federation in February 2021 (based on the results of the labor force survey) [Zanjatost’ i bezrabotica v Rossijskoj Federacii v fevrale 2021 goda] [Online]. URL: https://gks.ru/bgd/free/B04_03/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d02/57.htm (Accessed: 27 May 2021). (In Russ.)].
Зорин, В. Ю., Старченко, Р. А., Степанов, В. В. (2016) Гражданская идентичность и межэтнические отношения в Крыму. Москва: Летний сад. [Zorin, V. Yu., Starchenko, R. A., Stepanov, V. V. (2016) Civil identity and interethnic rela-tions in the Crimea. Field ethnostatistics [Grazhdanskaja identichnost’ i mezhjet-nicheskie otnoshenija v Krymu]. Mos-cow: Summer Garden. (In Russ.)].
Исаев, Л. М., Коротаев, А. В. (2015) Полити-ческая география Крыма: опыт количе-ственного анализа. [Isaev, L. M., Koro-taev, A. V. (2015) The political geogra-phy of the Crimea: the experience of quan-titative analysis [Politicheskaja geografija Kryma: opyt kolichestvennogo analiza]. URL: https://www.hse.ru/news/126775527.html (Accessed: 27 May 2021) (In Russ.)].
Киселёва, Н. В., Мальгин, А. В., Петров, В. П., Форманчук, А. А. (2015) Этнополити-ческие процессы в Крыму: историче-ский опыт, современные проблемы и перспективы их решения. Симферополь: Салта. [Kiselyova, N. V., Malgin, A. V., Petrov, V. P., Forman-chuk, A. A. (2015) Ethnopolitical pro-cesses in the Crimea: historical experi-ence, modern problems and prospects for their solution [Jetnopoliticheskie processy v Krymu: istoricheskij opyt, sovremen-nye problemy i perspektivy ih reshenija]. Simferopol: Salta. (In Russ.)].
Князева, Е. В. (2013) ‘Самоидентификация населения Южноукраинского региона: «неукротимость примордиального»’ в: Победа, Н. А. (ред.) Социальные иден-тичности в динамике институцио-нального и самоорганизационного. Одесса: ВМВ, cc. 267–284. [Knyazeva, E. V. (2013) ‘Self-identification of the population of the South Ukrainian re-gion: “the indomitability of the primordi-al” [Samoidentifikacija naselenija Ju-zhnoukrainskogo regiona: “neukrotimost’ primordial’nogo”] in: Pobeda, N. A. (eds.) Social identities in the dynamics of institutional and self-organizational [So-cial’nye identichnosti v dinamike institu-cional’nogo i samoorganizacionnogo]. Odessa: VMV, pp. 267–284. (In Russ.)].
Коростелина, К. В. (2003) Исследование соци-альной идентичности на пути к прими-рению в Крыму. Симферополь: ДОЛЯ. [Korostelina, K. V. (2003) Scientific and theoretical problems of studying social identity. The study of social identity on the way to reconciliation in the Crimea [Issle-dovanie social’noj identichnosti na puti k primireniju v Krymu]. Simferopol: DOLYA. (In Russ.)].
Крым: 5 лет в России. Март 2019 (2019) [Cri-mea: 5 years in Russia. March 2019 [Krym: 5 let v Rossii. Mart 2019] [Online]. Available at: URL: http://wciom.ru/fileadmin/file/reports_conferences/2019/2019-03-14_WCIOM_CRIMEA.pdf (Accessed: 27 May 2021). (In Russ.)].
Ладилова, Е. (2017) 61% крымских татар под-держивают Владимира Путина [Ladilova, E. (2017) 61% of Crimean Ta-tars support Vladimir Putin [61% krymskih tatar podderzhivajut Vladimira Putina] [Online]. Available at: https://iz.ru/news/669021 (Accessed: 27 May 2021).
Мукомель, В. И. (2019) ‘Крым в ожидании пе-ремен: социально-экономический кон-текст’, Мониторинг общественного мнения: экономические и социальные перемены, 2, cc. 141–156. [Mukomel, V. I. (2019) ‘Crimea waiting for changes: socio-economic context’ [Krym v ozhidanii peremen: social’no-jekonomicheskij kontekst], Monitoring obshhestvennogo mnenija: jekono-micheskie i social’nye peremeny, 2, pp. 141–156. (In Russ.)].
Мукомель, В. И., Хайкин, С. Р. (2016) ‘Крым-ские татары после «крымской весны»: трансформация идентичностей’, Мони-торинг общественного мнения: Эконо-мические и социальные перемены, 3, cc. 51–68. [Mukomel, V. I., Khaykin, S. R. (2016) ‘Crimean Tatars after the “Crime-an Spring”: transformation of identities’ [Krymskie tatary posle “krymskoj vesny”: transformacija identichnostej], Monitor-ing obshhestvennogo mnenija: Jekonomicheskie i social’nye peremeny, 3, pp. 51–68. (In Russ.)].
Муратова, Э. С., Дюльберова, Л. Я., Апселямова, А. И. (2020) Крымские татары в условиях трансформации политического пространства. Симферополь: Ариал. [Muratova, E. S., Dyulberova, L. Ya., Apselyamova, A. I. (2020) Crimean Tatars in the conditions of transformation of the political space [Krymskie tata-ry v uslovijah transfor-macii politicheskogo prostranstva] (In Russ.)].
Нелина, Л. П., Ярмак, В. Е., Ярмак, О. В. (2019) ‘Межнациональное и межрели-гиозное согласие в среде крымского студенчества’, Вестник Института социологии, 10, 3, cc. 96–112. [Nelina, L. P., Yarmak, V. E., Yarmak, O. V. (2019) ‘Interethnic and inter-religious harmony among the Crimean students’ [Mezhnacional’noe i mezhreligioznoe soglasie v srede krymskogo studenchest-va], Vestnik Instituta sociologii, 10, 3, pp. 96–112. (In Russ.)].
Никовская, Л. И. (2009) ‘Сложносоставной конфликт как инструмент анализа трансформации и кризиса’, Политиче-ские исследования, 6, cc. 83–94. [Ni-kovskaya, L. I. (2009) ’Compound con-flict as a tool for analyzing transfor-mation and crisis’ [Slozhnosostavnoj konflikt kak instrument analiza transfor-macii i krizisa], Politicheskie issledovani-ja, 6, pp. 83–94. (In Russ.)].
Окладников, С. М. (ред.) Регионы России. Со-циально-экономические показатели. 2020 (2020). Москва: Росстат. [Okladni-kov, S. M. (ed.) Regions of Russia. Socio-economic indicators. 2020 [Regiony Ros-sii. Social’no-jekonomicheskie pokazateli. 2020] (In Russ.)].
Проект «Открытое мнение–Крым—2016». Краткий аналитический отчет по ито-гам исследования (2016). Москва. [The project “Open Opinion-Crimea-2016”. A brief analytical report on the results of the study [Proekt «Otkrytoe mnenie–Krym—2016». Kratkij analiticheskij otchet po itogam issledovanija]. Moscow (In Russ.)].
Резникова, М. (2016) «Единая Россия» собрала в Крыму более половины голосов. [Rez-nikova, M. (2016) “United Russia” gath-ered more than half of the cities in the Crimea [“Edinaja Rossija” sobrala v Krymu bolee poloviny golosov]. [Online]. Available at: URL: https://rg.ru/2016/09/19/reg-ufo/edinaia-rossiia-sobrala-v-krymu-polovinu-golosov.html (Accessed: 27 May 2021). (In Russ.)].
Сенюшкина, Т. А., Степанов, В. В., Старченко Р. А. (ред.) (2019) Межэтнические от-ношения и религиозная ситуация в Крыму. Экспертный доклад за 2018 год. Москва; Симферополь: ИТ «АРИАЛ». [Senyushkina, T. A., Stepanov, V. V., Starchenko, R. A. (eds.) (2019) Inter-ethnic relations and the religious situation in the Crimea. Expert report for 2018 [Mezhjetnicheskie otnoshenija i religi-oznaja situacija v Krymu. Jekspertnyj doklad za 2018 god]. Moscow; Simfero-pol: IT “ARIAL”. (In Russ.)].
Сидорчук, И. Б., Сазонова, Г. В. (2017) ‘Сте-пень проявления факторов бедности в Крыму и Российской Федерации’, Учё-ные записки Крымского федерального университета имени В.И. Вернадского. География. Геология, 3(69), 3, part 2, cc. 163–173. [Sidorchuk, I. B., Sazonova, G. V. (2017) ‘The degree of manifestation of poverty factors in the Crimea and the Russian Federation’ [Stepen’ projavlenija faktorov bednosti v Krymu i Rossijskoj Federacii], Uchjonye zapiski Krymskogo federal’nogo universiteta imeni V.I. Ver-nadskogo. Geografija. Geologija, 3 (69), 3, part 2, pp. 163–173 (In Russ.)].
‘Социологические исследования в Севастопо-ле’ (2019), Севастополь многонацио-нальный, 4, c. 7. ['Sociological research in Sevastopol' [Sociologicheskie issledo-vanija v Sevastopole], Sevastopol’ mnog-onacional’nyj, 4, p. 7. (In Russ.)].
‘Ставлення жителів Криму до імовірних загроз та до питань, які мають значний конфліктний потенціал’ (2011), Національна безпека і оборона, 4–5 (122–123), cc. 27–39. [‘Attitude of Cri-mean residents to possible threats and is-sues with significant conflict potential’ (2011) [Stavlennja zhitelіv Krimu do іmovіrnih zagroz ta do pitan’, jakі majut’ znachnij konflіktnij potencіal], Nacіonal’na bezpeka і oborona, 4–5 (122–123), pp. 27–39. (In Russ.)].
Суринов, А. Е. (ред.) Итоги переписи населе-ния в Республике Крым (2015). Москва: Статистика России. [Surinov, A. E. (ed.) Results of the population census in the Re-public of Crimea [Itogi perepisi naselenija v Respublike Krym]. Moscow: Statistika Rossii. (In Russ.)].
Текущий архив кафедры политологии и поли-тического управления Кубанского гос-ударственного университета (2021). [The current archive of the Department of Political Science and Political Man-agement of the Kuban State University [Tekuschij arhiv kafedry politologii i politicheskogo upravlenija Kubanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta] (In Russ.)].
Швец, А. Б. (2019) ‘Полиэтничность Крыма как фактор выстраивания регионом ба-ланса «внутристрановых» и трансгра-ничных связей в системе «Большой Евразии»’, Геополитика и экогеодина-мика регионов, 5(15), 4, cc. 29–46. [Shvets, A. B. (2019) ‘The polyethnicity of the Crimea as a factor in building a re-gional balance of “intra-country” and cross-border relations in the system of “Greater Eurasia” [Polijetnichnost’ Kry-ma kak faktor vystraivanija regionom balansa “vnutristranovyh” i transgra-nichnyh svjazej v sisteme “Bol’shoj Ev-razii”], Geopolitika i ekogeodinamika re-gionov, 5(15), 4, pp. 29–46. (In Russ.)].
Юрченко, И. В., Баранов, А. В., Юрченко, Н. Н., Донцова, М. В. (2019) Конфликто-генные и интеграционные факторы развития человеческого потенциала Юга России в условиях новых геополи-тических вызовов. Краснодар: Кубан-ский государственный университет. [Yurchenko, I. V., Baranov, A. V., Yurchenko, N. N., Dontsova, M. V. (2019) Conflict-related and integration factors of human potential development in the South of Russia in the context of new geopolitical challenges [Konfliktogennye i integracionnye faktory razvitija che-lovecheskogo potenciala Juga Rossii v uslovijah novyh geopoliticheskih vyzovov]. Krasnodar: Kubanskij gosudar-stvennyj universitet. (In Russ.)].
Barth, F. (1969) ‘Introduction’, in: Barth, F. (ed.). Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, pp. 9–38.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The author grants the Publisher of the journal (Perm State University) the right to use their article in the journal, as well as to include the text of the abstract, the full text of the article and information about authors in the "Russian Science Citation Index" (RSCI).
The author agrees to the processing of personal data.
The right to use the journal as a whole belongs to the Publisher and acts indefinitely on the territory of the Russian Federation and beyond in accordance with cl. 1260 of the Russian Federation Civil Code.
There is no author's fee paid for providing the above rights by the author.
The author of the article included in the journal retains the exclusive right to it, regardless of the Publisher's right to use the journal as a whole:
a. The authors retain their copyrights to the article and transfer the right of the first publication along with the article to the journal, while also licensing it on the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows others to distribute this article with the obligatory indication of authorship of the article and reference to the original publication in this journal.
b. The authors retain the right to enter into separate, additional contractual agreements for the non-exclusive dissemination of the version of the text published by this journal (for example, post it in a university archive or publish it in a book), with reference to the original publication in this journal.
c. d. Authors are allowed to post their text on the Internet (for example, in a university archive or on their personal website) before and during the review process by this journal, as this can lead to a fruitful discussion and to higher number of the references to this published work (Please refer to The Effect of Open Access).
Submission of an article by the author implies that they agree for it to be used by the Publisher on the above conditions and to be included in the RSCI system. It also implicates that the author is aware of the terms of its use. The information about the author sent to the Publisher, including by e-mail, is also considered as such consent.
The editorial board posts the full text of the article on the Perm State University site: http://www.psu.ru and in the OJS system at http://press.psu.ru
The publication fee is not collected and fees are not paid. The author's copy is sent to the author to the address provided by them.
