LINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF THE CATEGORY OF INSTRUMENTALITY

Abstract

The article examines the category of instrumentality as a complex semantic-pragmatic construct within functional grammar. In the article conceptual and semantic aspects of instrumental relations in Russian are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the functional-semantic field of instrumentality, its polycentric structure, including centers “means-object” and “means-non-object”. The categorical situation of instrumentality is detailed, uniting subject, object, and means, alongside regulatory, executive, and resultative phases of the activity act. A key result is constructing a gradational typology of instrumental constructions based on instrument integration into verb semantics. Four groups are identified: verbs with an incorporated instrument, obligatory and optional tool use, and constructions with metaphorical instrumentality. This demonstrates the continuum nature of the category, ranging from physical tools to abstract modes of action. Distinguishing objectified and non-objectified instrumentality expands understanding of means beyond material objects, including speech, emotions, and social actions. The instrumental case remains the central means of expression, realizing both classical instrumental and metaphorical functions. It is concluded that instrumentality is a dynamic category reflecting fundamental ways of human activity and cognition. The study confirms instrumentality as a universal conceptual entity, realized through diverse linguistic means and confirming the law of economy via incorporation. The author emphasizes language as an active tool for constructing reality, not just an information code, aligning with modern functional grammar.