CATEGORIES IN PHILOSOPHY AND LINGUISTICS

Abstract

The article presents an interdisciplinary study devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the concept of «category» in the philosophical and linguistic traditions. The main goal of the work is to trace the historical evolution and identify the dialectical relationship between logical forms of thought and the means of their linguistic embodiment. The methodological basis is formed by historical-comparative analysis of key philosophical systems and linguistic theories. The study begins with an analysis of Aristotle's doctrine, in which categories were first systematized as fundamental genera of being and predicates of utterance. It then examines the transcendental approach of I. Kant, who transferred categories to the sphere of a priori structures of understanding, and the objective-idealistic dialectics of G. W. F. Hegel. Special attention is paid to the materialist interpretation of categories as a reflection of historical practice. The article considers the linguistic approach associated with E. Benveniste's idea of the derivability of Aristotelian categories from the grammatical structure of the Ancient Greek language. The work systematizes the distinction between properly linguistic (grammatical) and supralinguistic (conceptual, logical) categories, following I. I. Meshchaninov. The modern linguistic understanding of categories is examined, encompassing both strict grammatical classes and broad functional-semantic fields (according to A. V. Bondarko), which unite multi-level means of expressing common meaning. The conclusion draws an inference about the inseparable dialectical connection between philosophical and linguistic categories, where the former represents ultimate logical concepts, and the latter represent historically variable instruments of their linguistic embodiment and objectification in thought. The article has an interdisciplinary character, integrating methods of philosophical and linguistic analysis.