Социальный капитал как концепт и феномен: Социология

Елена Борисовна Плотникова; Александр Евгеньевич Кузнецов; Юлия Сергеевна Маркова

doi:10.17072/2078-7898/2017-3-460-476

Авторы

Елена Борисовна Плотникова Пермский государственный национальный исследовательский университет, 614990, Пермь, ул. Букирева, 15
Александр Евгеньевич Кузнецов Пермский государственный национальный исследовательский университет, 614990, Пермь, ул. Букирева, 15
Юлия Сергеевна Маркова Пермский государственный национальный исследовательский университет, 614990, Пермь, ул. Букирева, 15

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2017-3-460-476

Ключевые слова:

социальный капитал, доверие, социальная норма

Аннотация

В научных дискуссиях по проблеме исследования социального капитала значительное внимание уделяется поиску единого определения концепта «социальный капитал», а также критике и апологии его использования. В статье утверждается, что основным препятствием при исследовании социального капитала является не отсутствие общепринятого его определения, а отсутствие четко определенного феномена исследования. Представлен обзор развития концепции социального капитала с целью определить альтернативные направления развития и обстоятельства, обусловившие выбор концепции Патнэма. Последняя является основной для развития современных концепций в различных авторских версиях. Версия, популяризированная Патнэмом, восходит к концепции Коулмена, где социальный капитал — абстрактный конструкт. Теоретически и методологически более обоснованной представляется менее известная концепция Бурдье. Бурдье заимствует базовый концепт капитала у Маркса, где капитал — социальное отношение. Отсюда различия между концепциями Бурдье и Коулмена–Патнэма по поводу доступности феномена — объекта, выступающего носителем социального капитала. Объект теорий Маркса и Бурдье реален: капитал-отношение воплощен в вещественных формах. У Коулмена, напротив, капитал-вещь воплощен в отношениях. В результате концепт социального капитала, будучи производным от концепта «капитал», у Патнэма и в последующей традиции вынужденно определяется через другие социальные отношения. Чаще всего они выражены концептами «доверие» и «нормы». Эти концепты в литературе имеют тавтологические определения. Третья составляющая определений — «социальные сети» — эмпирически состоятельна, но включение ее в определения социального капитала не представляется обоснованным. Дана краткая характеристика последствий для исследования социального капитала, связанных с традицией, восходящей к версии Патнэма: отсутствие надежных индикаторов, тривиальность наблюдений и предположений. Описаны первоначальные выводы по собственному эмпирическому исследованию социального капитала в сфере производства.

Биографии авторов

Елена Борисовна Плотникова, Пермский государственный национальный исследовательский университет, 614990, Пермь, ул. Букирева, 15

кандидат исторических наук, доцент,заведующая кафедрой социологии

Александр Евгеньевич Кузнецов, Пермский государственный национальный исследовательский университет, 614990, Пермь, ул. Букирева, 15

кандидат социологических наук,доцент кафедры социологии

Юлия Сергеевна Маркова , Пермский государственный национальный исследовательский университет, 614990, Пермь, ул. Букирева, 15

старший преподаватель кафедры социологии

Библиографические ссылки

Loury G.C. A Dynamic Theory of Racial Income Differences // Women, Minorities, and Employment Discrimination / ed. by P.A. Wallace, A.M. Lamond. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1977. P. 153–188.

Bourdieu P. Les trois états du capital culturel // Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales. 1979. Nov. Vol. 30. L’institution scolaire. P. 3–6. DOI: 10.3406/arss.1979.2654.

Bourdieu P.

Bourdieu P. Le capital social // Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales. 1980. Jan. Vol. 31. Le capital social. P. 23–25. URL: http://www.persee.fr/doc/arss_0335-5322_1980_num_31_1_2069 (accessed: 01.06.2017).

Bourdieu P. Ökonomisches Kapital, kulturelles Kapital, soziales Kapital // SozialeUngleichheiten (Soziale Welt Sonderband 2) / hg. R. Kreckel. Göttingen, 1983. S. 183–198. URL: http://unirot.blogsport.de/images/bourdieukapital.pdf (accessed: 07.04.2017).

Coleman J.S. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital // The American Journal of Sociology. 1988. Vol. 94: Supplement: Organizations and Institutions: Sociological and Economic Approaches to the Analysis of Social Structure. P. S95–S120. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2780243 (accessed: 14.07.2017).

Coleman J.S. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990. 993 p.

Coleman J.S. Social Theory, Social Research, and a Theory of Action // The American Journal of Sociology. 1986. May. Vol. 91, № 6. P. 1309–1335. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2779798 (accessed: 20.07.2017).

Putnam R.D. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993. 247 p.

Putnam R.D. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, 2000. 544 p.

Durlauf S.N., Fafchamps M. Social Capital // Handbook of Economic Growth / ed. by P. Aghion, S. Durlauf. Elsevier, 2005. Vol. 1B. P. 1639–1699.

Hanifan L.J. The Rural School Community Center // The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 1916. Sep. Vol. 67: New Possibilities in Education. P. 130–138. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1013498 (accessed: 30.07.2017).

Field J. Social capital. N.Y.: Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. 193

Castle E.N. Social Capital: An Interdisciplinary Concept // Rural Sociology. 2002. May. Vol. 67(3). P. 331–349. DOI:

Marx K. Capital // Critique of Political Economy. Vol. 1 / tr. Ben Fowkes. London: Penguin, 1976.

Portes A. Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology // Annual Review of Sociology. 1998. Vol. 24. P. 1–24. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/223472 (accessed: 19.07.2017).

Ostrom E. Social capital: A fad or fundamental concept? // Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective / ed. by P. Dasgupta, I. Seragilden. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2000. P. 172–214.

Adler P.S., Kwon S. Social Capital: Prospects for a new concept // Academy of Management Review. 2002.

Putnam R.D. Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital // Journal of Democracy. 1995. Vol. 6(1). P. 65–78.

Woolcock M. Social capital and economic development: Toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework // Theory and Society. 1998. Vol. 27(2). P. 151–208. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/657866 (accessed: 10.07.2017).

Inglehart R. Modernization and post-modernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997. 464 p.

Robison L.J., Siles M.E., Songqing J. Social capital and the distribution of household income in the United States // The Journal of Socio-Economics. 2011. Vol. 40. P. 538–547. DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2011.04.004.

Woolcock M. The place of social capital in understanding social and economic outcomes // Isuma: Canadian Journal of Policy Research. 2001. Vol. 2(1). P. 11–17. URL: http://www.social-capital.net/docs/The%20Place%20of%20Social%20Capital.pdf (accessed: 10.07.2017).

Kwon S.-W., Adler P.S. Social Capital: Maturation of a Field of Research // Academy of Management Review.

DeFilippis J. The Myth of Social Capital in Community Development // Housing Policy Debate. 2001. Vol. 12, iss. 4. P. 781–806. URL: http://www.urbancenter.utoronto.ca/pdfs/elibrary/DeFilippis_Myth-of-Social-C.pdf (accessed: 28.07.2017).

Sobel J. Can We Trust Social Capital? // Journal of Economic Literature. 2002. Mar. Vol. 40, № 1. P. 139–154. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2698596 (accessed: 20.07.2017).

Seligman A. The problem of trust. Princeton; NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997. 224 p.

ГермановИ.А., ПлотниковаЕ.Б.Концептуализация и операционализация понятия «социальный капитал» в исследованиях организаций // Вестник Пермского университета. Философия. Психология. Социология. 2017. Вып.106–114. DOI: 10.17072/2078-7898/2017-1-106-114.

Sunderland D. Social Capital, Trust and the Industrial Revolution. 1780–1880. N.Y.: Routledge, 2007. 251 p.

Bowles S., Gintis H. Social Capital and Community Governance // The Economic Journal. 2002. Vol. 112, iss. 483. P. 419–436. URL: www.umass.edu/preferen/gintis/soccapej.pdf (accessed: 20 July 2017).

Fafchamps M. Market institutions in sub-Saharan Africa: theory and evidence. L.; Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2004. 500 p.

Fafchamps M., Gubert F. The Formation of Risk Sharing Networks. Global Poverty Research Group GPRG-WPS-037. 2005. URL: https://web.stanford.edu/~fafchamp/netphil.pdf (accessed: 22.07.2017).

Gambetta D. Can We Trust Trust? // Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations / ed. by D. Gambetta. N.Y.: Basil Blackwell, 1988. P. 213–237.

Walker G., Kogut B., Shan W. Social Capital, Structural Holes and the Formation of an Industry Network // Organization Science. 1997. Mar.-Apr. Vol. 8, № 2. P. 109–125. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2635305 (accessed: 20.07.2017).

Banfield E. The Moral Basis of a Backward Society. N.Y.: Free Press, 1958. 199 p.

Gambetta D. Mafia: the Price of Distrust // Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations / ed. by D. Gambetta. N.Y.: Basil Blackwell, 1988. P. 158–175.

Coleman J.S. Norms as Social Capital // Economic Imperialism: The Economic Approach Applied Outside the Field of Economics / ed. by G. Radnitzky, P. Bernholz. N.Y.: Paragon House Publishers, 1987. P. 133–155.

ФукуямаФ. Великий разрыв. М.: АСТ, 2008. 476с.

Coleman J.S. The Vision of Foundations of Social Theory // Analyse & Kritik. 1992. Vol. 14. S. 117–128. URL: http://analyse-und-kritik.net/1992-2/AK_Coleman_1992.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2017).

Stichweh R. Systems Theory as an Alternative to Action Theory? The Rise of ‘Communication’ as a Theoretical Option // Acta Sociologica. 2000. Vol. 43. P. 5–13. URL: https://www.fiw.uni-bonn.de/demokratieforschung/personen/stichweh/pdfs/11_stw_systems-theory-as-an-alternative-to-action-theory-2000.pdf (accessed: 30.07.2017).

Young H.P. Social norms // The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics / ed. by S.N. Durlauf, L.E. Blume. L.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

Bicchieri C., Muldoon R. Social Norms // The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy /ed. by E.N. Zalta. 2014. URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/social-norms/ (accessed: 22.07.2017).

Lewis D. Convention: A Philosophical Study. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1969.

Bicchieri C. The Grammar of Society: The Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 234 p.

Gibbs J. Norms: the Problem of Definition and Classification // American Journal of Sociology. 1965. Vol. 70. P. 586–594. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2774978 (accessed: 27.07.2017).

Detel W. On the Concept of Basic Social Norms // Analyse & Kritik. 2008. Vol. 30. P. 469–482.URL: http://www.analyse-und-kritik.net/2008-2/AK_Detel_2008.pdf (accessed: 17.07.2017).

Koput K.W. Social capital: An Introduction to Managing Networks. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2010. 172 p.

Granovetter M.S. The Strength of Weak Ties // American Journal of Sociology. 1973. May. Vol. 78, № 6. P. 1360–1380. DOI: 10.1086/225469.

Granovetter M.S. The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited // Sociological Theory. 1983. Vol. 1. P. 201–233. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/202051 (accessed: 27.07.2017).

Szreter S., Woolcock M. Health by association? Social capital, social theory, and the political economy of public health // International Journal of Epidemiology. 2004 Vol. 33(4). P. 650–667. DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyh013.

Andriani L. Social Capital: a Road Map of Theoretical Frameworks and Empirical Limitations. BWPMA 1301. 2013. URL: http://www.bbk.ac.uk/management/docs/workingpapers/WP1.pdf (accessed: 21.07.2017).

Granovetter M.S. The Impact of Social Structure on Economic Outcomes // The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2005. Winter. Vol. 19, № 1. P. 33–50. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4134991 (accessed: 27.07.2017).

Burt R.S. Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press, 2005. 279 p.

Burt R.S. Structural holes: the social structure of competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995. 313 p.

Burt R.S. Structural Holes versus Network Closure as Social Capital // Social capital: theory and research / ed. by N. Lin, K. Cook, R.S. Burt. N.Y.: Walter de Gruyter, 2001. P. 31–56.

Lin N.Social Capital: a Theory of Social Structure and Action. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 278 p.

Bowles S. «Social capital» and community governance // Focus. 1999. Fall. Vol. 20, № 3. P. 6–10. URL: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/af36/460383d7487398125dff3b28eb1421cc188a.pdf (accessed: 13.07.2017).

Boix C., Posner D.N. Social Capital: Explaining Its Origins and Effects on Government Performance // British Journal of Political Science.1998. Vol. 28, iss. 04. P. 686–693. DOI: 10.1017/S0007123498000313.

Elster J. Coleman on social norms // Revue française de sociologie.2003. Vol. 44(2). P. 297–304. URL: https://cdn.uclouvain.be/public/Exports%20reddot/cr-cridis/documents/elster_sur_coleman.pdf (accessed: 28.07.2017).

Tilly C. James S. Coleman as a guide to social research // The American Sociologist. 1997. June. Vol. 28, iss. 2. P. 82–87. DOI: 10.1007/s12108-997-1009-0.

Fine B. Social Capital versus Social Theory. Political Economy and Social Science at the Turn of the Millennium. L.; N.Y.: Routledge, 2002. 293 p.

Arrow K. Observations on Social Capital // Social Capital. A Multifaceted Perspective / ed. by P. Dasgupta, I. Serageldin. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1999. P. 3–5.

Lin N., Fu Y., Hsung R.-M. The Position Generator: Measurement Techniques for Investigations of Social Capital in Social capital: theory and research // Social capital: theory and research / ed. by N. Lin, K. Cook, R.S. Burt. N.Y.: Walter de Gruyter, 2001. P. 57–83.

Sabatini F. The Empirics of Social Capital and Economic Development: A Critical Perspective // NOTA DI LAVORO. 2006. Jan. Vol. 15. URL: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/12097/1/wp060015.pdf (accessed: 22.07.2017).

Durlauf S.N. The case «against» social capital // Focus. 1999. Fall. Vol. 20, № 3. P. 1–5. URL: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/af36/460383d7487398125dff3b28eb1421cc188a.pdf (accessed: 10.07.2017).

Robison L.J., Schmid A.A., Siles M.E. Is social capital really capital? // Review of Social Economy. 2002. March. Vol. LX. P. 1–21. DOI: 10.1080/00346760110127074.

Dasgupta P. Social Capital and Economic Performance: Analytics. 2002. URL: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.200.474&rep=rep1&type=pdf (accessed: 20.07.2017).

Solow R.M. Notes on Social Capital and Economic Performance // Social Capital. A Multifaceted Perspective / ed. by P. Dasgupta, I. Serageldin. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2000. P. 6–12.

Hawkins R.L., Maurer K. Bonding, Bridging and Linking: How Social Capital Operated in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina // British Journal of Social Work. 2010. Vol. 40. P. 1777–1793. DOI:10.1093/bjsw/bcp087.

Fulkerson G.M., Thompson G.H. The Evolution of a Contested Concept: A Meta-Analysis of Social Capital Deﬁnitions and Trends (1988–2006) // Sociological Inquiry. 2008. Nov. Vol. 78, № 4. P. 536–557. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-682X.2008.00260.x

Kuhn T. The Structure of Scientiﬁc Revolutions. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1962. 210 p.

Garfinkel H., Lynch M., Livingston E. The Work of a Discovering Science Construed with Materials from the Optically Discovered Pulsar // Philosophy of the Social Sciences. 1981. June. P. 131–158.

McCracken G. The Long Interview. Qualitative Research Methods. Series 13. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988. 88 p.

Campbell D.T., Stanley J.C. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1966. 85 p.

Flyvbjerg B. Five Misunderstandings about Case-Study Research // Qualitative Inquiry. 2006. Apr. Vol. 12, № 2. P. 219–245. URL: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2230464 (accessed: 19.11.2015).

Sudman S., Bradburn N., Schwartz N. Thinking about Answers. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996. 305 p.

References

Loury G.C. A Dynamic Theory of Racial Income Differences. Women, Minorities, and Employment Discrimination / ed. by P.A. Wallace, A.M. Lamond. Lexington, MA, Lexington Books, 1977, pp. 153–188. (In English).

Bourdieu P. Les trois états du capital culturel [The three conditions of the cultural capital]. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales [Proceedings of the Social Science Research]. 1979, Nov., vol. 30, L’institution scolaire, pp. 3–6. DOI: 10.3406/arss.1979.2654 (In French).

Bourdieu P. (1985) The forms of capital. The RoutledgeFalmer reader in sociology of education /ed. by S.J. Ball. L.; N.Y., RoutledgeFalmer, 2004, pp. 15–29. (In English).

Bourdieu P. Le capital social [The social capital]. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales [Proceedings of the Social Science Research]. 1980, Jan, vol. 31, Le capital social, pp. 23–25. Available at: http://www.persee.fr/doc/arss_0335- 5322_1980_num_31_1_2069 (accessed 01.06.2017). (In French).

Bourdieu P. Ökonomisches Kapital, kulturelles Kapital, soziales Kapital [Economic capital, cultural capital, social capital]. SozialeUngleichheiten (Soziale Welt Sonderband 2) [SocialInequalities (Social World Special Volume 2)]. Göttingen, 1983, pp. 183–198. Available at: http://unirot.blogsport.de/images/bourdieukapital.pdf (accessed 07.04.2017). (In German).

Coleman J.S. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. The American Journal of Sociology. 1988, vol. 94: Supplement: Organizations and Institutions: Sociological and Economic Approaches to the Analysis of Social Structure, pp. S95–S120. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2780243 (accessed 14.07.2017). (In English).

Coleman J.S. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1990. 993 p. (In English).

Coleman J.S. Social Theory, Social Research, and a Theory of Action. The American Journal of Sociology. 1986, May, vol. 91, no. 6, pp. 1309–1335. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2779798 (accessed 20.07.2017). (In English).

Putnam R.D. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1993, 247 p. (In English).

Putnam R.D. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York, Simon & Schuster, 2000, 544 p. (In English).

Durlauf S.N., Fafchamps M. Social Capital. Handbook of Economic Growth / ed. by P. Aghion, S. Durlauf. Elsevier, 2005, vol. 1B, pp. 1639–1699. (In English).

Hanifan L.J. The Rural School Community Center. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 1916, Sep., vol. 67: New Possibilities in Education, pp. 130–138. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1013498 (accessed 30.07.2017). (In English).

Field J. Social capital. New York, Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008, 193 p. (In English).

Castle E.N. Social Capital: An Interdisciplinary Concept. Rural Sociology. 2002, May, vol. 67(3), pp. 331–349. DOI: 10.1111/j.1549- 0831.2002.tb00107.x. (In English).

Marx K. Capital. Critique of Political Economy. Vol. 1 / tr. B. Fowkes. London, Penguin, 1976. (In English).

Portes A. Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology. 1998, vol. 24, pp. 1–24. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/223472 (accessed 19.07.2017). (In English).

Ostrom E. Social capital: A fad or fundamental concept? Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective / ed. by P. Dasgupta, I. Seragilden. Washington, D.C., The World Bank, 2000, pp. 172–214. (In English).

Adler P.S., Kwon S. Social Capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review. 2002, vol. 27, pp. 17–40. DOI: 10.5465/AMR.2002.5922314. (In English).

Putnam R.D. Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy. 1995, vol. 6(1), pp. 65–78. (In English).

Woolcock M. Social capital and economic development: Toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework. Theory and Society. 1998, vol. 27(2), pp. 151–208. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/ stable/657866 (accessed 10.07.2017). (In English).

Inglehart R. Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1997, 464 p. (In English).

Robison L.J., Siles M.E., Songqing J. Social capital and the distribution of household income in the United States. The Journal of Socio-Economics. 2011, vol. 40, pp. 538–547. DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2011.04.004. (In English).

Woolcock M. The place of social capital in understanding social and economic outcomes. Isuma: Canadian Journal of Policy Research. 2001, vol. 2(1), pp. 11–17. Available at: http://www.social-capital.net/docs/ The%20Place%20of%20Social%20Capital.pdf (accessed 10.07.2017). (In English).

Kwon S.-W., Adler P.S. Social Capital: Maturation of a Field of Research. Academy of Management Review. 2014, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 412–422. DOI: 10.5465/amr.2014.0210. (In English).

DeFilippis J. The Myth of Social Capital in Community Development. Housing Policy Debate. 2001, vol. 12, iss. 4, pp. 781–806. Available at: http://www.urbancenter.utoronto.ca/pdfs/elibrary/D eFilippis_Myth-of-Social-C.pdf (accessed 28.07.2017). (In English).

Sobel J. Can We Trust Social Capital? Journal of Economic Literature. 2002, Mar., vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 139–154. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/ stable/2698596 (accessed 20.07.2017). (In English).

Seligman A. The problem of trust. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1997. 224 p. (In English).

Germanov I.A., Plotnikova E.B. Konceptualizacija i operacionalizacija ponjatija «social’nyj kapital» v issledovanijah organizacij [Conceptualization and Operationalization of the Concept of Social Capital in Organizational Research]. Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Filosofija. Psihologija. Sociologija. [Perm University Herald. Series «Philosophy. Psychology. Sociology»]. 2017, iss. 1, pp. 106–114. DOI: 10.17072/2078-7898/2017-1-106-114 (accessed 14.07.2017). (In Russian).

Sunderland D. Social Capital, Trust and the Industrial Revolution. 1780–1880. N.Y., Routledge, 2007, 251 p. (In English).

Bowles S., Gintis H. Social Capital and Community Governance. The Economic Journal. 2002, vol. 112, iss. 483, pp. 419–436. Available at: www.umass.edu/preferen/gintis/soccapej.pdf (accessed 20.07.2017). (In English).

Fafchamps M. Market institutions in sub-Saharan Africa: theory and evidence. L. & Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press, 2004, 500 p. (In English).

Fafchamps M., Gubert F. The Formation of Risk Sharing Networks. Global Poverty Research Group GPRG-WPS-037. 2005. Available at: https://web.stanford.edu/~fafchamp/netphil.pdf (accessed 22.07.2017). (In English).

Gambetta D. Can We Trust Trust? Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations / ed. by D. Gambetta. N.Y., Basil Blackwell, 1988, pp. 213–237. (In English).

Walker G., Kogut B., Shan W. Social Capital, Structural Holes and the Formation of an Industry Network. Organization Science. 1997, Mar.-Apr., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 109–125. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2635305 (accessed 10.07.2017). (In English).

Banfield E. The Moral Basis of a Backward Society. N.Y., Free Press, 1958, 199 p. (In English).

Gambetta D. Mafia: the Price of Distrust. Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations / ed. by D. Gambetta. N.Y., Basil Blackwell, 1988, pp. 158–175. (In English).

Coleman J.S. Norms as Social Capital. Economic Imperialism: The Economic Approach Applied Outside the Field of Economics / ed. by G. Radnitzky, P. Bernholz. N.Y., Paragon House Publishers, 1987, pp. 133–155. (In English).

Fukuyama F. Velikij razryv [The Great Disruption]. Moscow, AST Publ., 2008, 476 p. (In Russian).

Coleman J.S. The Vision of Foundations of Social Theory. Analyse & Kritik [Analysis & Criticism]. 1992, vol. 14, pp. 117–128. Available at: http://analyse-und-kritik.net/1992- 2/AK_Coleman_1992.pdf (accessed 20.07.2017). (In English).

Stichweh R. Systems Theory as an Alternative to Action Theory? The Rise of ‘Communication’ as a Theoretical Option. Acta Sociologica. 2000, vol. 43, pp. 5–13. Available at: https://www.fiw.uni-bonn.de/demokratieforschung/ personen/stichweh/pdfs/11_stw_systems-theory-asan-alternative-to-action-theory-2000.pdf (accessed 20.07.2017). (In English).

Young H.P. Social norms. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics / ed. by S.N. Durlauf, L.E. Blume. L., Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. (In English).

Bicchieri C., Muldoon R. Social Norms. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy / ed. by E.N. Zalta. 2014. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/s ocial-norms/ (accessed 22.07.2017). (In English).

Lewis D. Convention: A Philosophical Study. Cambridge MA, Harvard University Press, 1969. (In English).

Bicchieri C. The Grammar of Society: The Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2006, 234 p. (In English).

Gibbs J. Norms: the Problem of Definition and Classification. American Journal of Sociology. 1965, vol. 70, pp. 586–594. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2774978 (accessed 27.07.2017). (In English).

Detel W. On the Concept of Basic Social Norms. Analyse & Kritik [Analysis & Criticism]. 2008, vol. 30, pp. 469–482. Available at: http://www.analyse-und-kritik.net/2008- 2/AK_Detel_2008.pdf (accessed 27.07.2017). (In English).

Koput K.W. Social capital: An Introduction to Managing Networks. Cheltenham, UK, & Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar, 2010, 172 p. (In English).

Granovetter M.S. The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology. 1973, May, vol. 78, no. 6, pp. 1360–1380. DOI: 10.1086/225469. (In English).

Granovetter M.S. The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. Sociological Theory. 1983, vol. 1, pp. 201–233. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/202051 (accessed 27.07.2017). (In English).

Szreter S., Woolcock M. Health by association? Social capital, social theory, and the political economy of public health. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2004, vol. 33(4), pp. 650–667. DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyh013. (In English).

Andriani L. Social Capital: a Road Map of Theoretical Frameworks and Empirical Limitations. BWPMA 1301. 2013. Available at: http://www.bbk.ac.uk/management/docs/workingpa pers/WP1.pdf (accessed 21.07.2017). (In English).

Granovetter M.S. The Impact of Social Structure on Economic Outcomes. The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2005, Winter, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 33– 50. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 4134991 (accessed 27.07.2017). (In English).

Burt R.S. Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital. Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press, 2005, 279 p. (In English).

Burt R.S. Structural holes: the social structure of competition. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1995, 313 p. (In English).

Burt R.S. Structural Holes versus Network Closure as Social Capital. Social capital: theory and research / ed. by N. Lin, K. Cook, R.S. Burt. New York, Walter de Gruyter, 2001, pp. 31–56. (In English).

Lin N. Social Capital: a Theory of Social Structure and Action. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2001, 278 p. (In English).

Bowles S. «Social capital» and community governance. Focus. 1999, Fall, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 6–10. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/af36/ 460383d7487398125dff3b28eb1421cc188a.pdf (accessed 13.07.2017). (In English).

Boix C., Posner D.N. Social Capital: Explaining Its Origins and Effects on Government Performance. British Journal of Political Science.1998, vol. 28, iss. 04, pp. 686–693. DOI: 10.1017/S0007123498000313. (In English).

Elster J. Coleman on social norms. Revue française de sociologie [French Sociology Journal]. 2003, vol. 44(2), pp. 297–304. Available at: https://cdn.uclouvain.be/public/Exports%20reddot/c r-cridis/documents/elster_sur_coleman.pdf (accessed 28.07.2017). (In English).

Tilly C. James S. Coleman as a guide to social research. The American Sociologist. 1997, June, vol. 28, iss. 2, pp. 82–87. DOI: 10.1007/s12108- 997-1009-0. (In English).

Fine B. Social Capital versus Social Theory. Political Economy and Social Science at the Turn of the Millennium, London, New York, Routledge, 2002, 293 p. (In English).

Arrow K. Observations on Social Capital. Social Capital. A Multifaceted Perspective / ed. by P. Dasgupta, I. Serageldin. Washington, D.C., The World Bank, 1999, pp. 3–5. (In English).

Lin N., Fu Y., Hsung R.-M. The Position Generator: Measurement Techniques for Investigations of Social Capital in Social capital: theory and research. Social capital: theory and research / ed. by N. Lin, K. Cook, R.S. Burt. New York, Walter de Gruyter, 2001, pp. 57–83. (In English).

Sabatini F. The Empirics of Social Capital and Economic Development: A Critical Perspective. NOTA DI LAVORO [Working Note]. 2006, Jan., vol. 15. Available at: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/ bitstream/12097/1/wp060015.pdf (accessed 22.07.2017). (In English).

Durlauf S.N. The case «against» social capital. Focus. 1999, Fall, Vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 1–5. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/af36/ 460383d7487398125dff3b28eb1421cc188a.pdf (accessed 10.07.2017). (In English).

Robison L.J., Schmid A.A., Siles M.E. Is social capital really capital? Review of Social Economy. 2002, March, vol. LX, P. 1–21. DOI: 10.1080/00346760110127074. (In English).

Dasgupta P. Social Capital and Economic Performance: Analytics. 2002. URL: Available at: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi= 10.1.1.200.474&rep=rep1&type=pdf (accessed 20.07.2017). (In English).

Solow R.M. Notes on Social Capital and Economic Performance. Social Capital. A Multifaceted Perspective / ed. by P. Dasgupta, I. Serageldin. Washington, D.C., The World Bank, 2000, pp. 6–12. (In English).

Hawkins R.L., Maurer K. Bonding, Bridging and Linking: How Social Capital Operated in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina. British Journal of Social Work. 2010, vol. 40, pp. 1777–1793. DOI:10.1093/bjsw/bcp087. (In English).

Fulkerson G.M., Thompson G.H. The Evolution of a Contested Concept: A Meta-Analysis of Social Capital Definitions and Trends (1988–2006). Sociological Inquiry. 2008, Nov., vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 536– 557. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-682X.2008.00260.x. (In English).

Kuhn T. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press, 1962, 210 p. (In English).

Garfinkel H., Lynch M., Livingston E. The Work of a Discovering Science Construed with Materials from the Optically Discovered Pulsar. Philosophy of the Social Sciences. 1981, June, pp. 131–158. (In English).

McCracken G. The Long Interview. Qualitative Research Methods. Series 13. Newbury Park, CA, Sage, 1988, 88 p. (In English).

Campbell D.T., Stanley J.C. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Chicago, Rand McNally, 1966, 85 p. (In English).

Flyvbjerg B. Five Misunderstandings about CaseStudy Research. Qualitative Inquiry. 2006, Apr., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 219–245. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2230464 (accessed 19.11.2015). (In English).

Sudman S., Bradburn N., Schwartz N. Thinking about Answers. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996, 305 p. (In English).