Ulysses in the culture jungle: how empirical is Schwartz’s model?
Sociology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2016-1-102-117Keywords:
theoretical coding, values, positivism, grounded theoryAbstract
Against the prevailing tendency to identify values with norms, beliefs, etc. and of studying values by way of direct observation, Hutcheon proposed to view values as operating criteria that direct behaviour while remaining invisible to agents and, for that reason, unaccountable. We find Hutcheon’s conjecture amazingly keen except thatwe find support in Glaser’s version of grounded theory. We defend the GT against some criticisms and employ theoretical coding to test the claim of the model of Schwartz to having grounded its findings in observations. We find that respondents’ answers do not support the way model interprets them. Responses failed to back the three important claims Schwartz’s model makes, i.e. (1) that values are accountable and, therefore, are beliefs, (2) that respondent’s experiences can be categorized in terms of choice or preference, (3) that responses to questions about likeness to some exemplary displays of values-laden behaviour are responses about the significance of values. The example of Glaser’s theoretical coding employment on the data we bring in, is meant to substantiate the GT’s claim to managing the capacity of discovering emergent structures of knowledge (the rarest chiasmus in our case). Such structures may analytically lead to values that guide humans in organizing their experiences.References
Кузнецов А.Е. Что исследует модель Шварца? // Вестник Пермского университета. Философия. Психология. Социология. 2014. Вып. 3(19). С. 110–116.
Россия в Европе: по материалам международного проекта «Европейское социальное исследование» / под общ. ред. А.В. Андреенковой, Л.А. Беляевой. М.: Асаdеmiа. 2009. 384 с.
Сакс Х. Социологическое описание // Социологическое обозрение. Т. 5, № 1. С. 43–53. URL: http://sociologica.hse.ru/data/
/03/14/1211452829/5_1_7.pdf (accessed: 28.01.2016).
Charmaz K. Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis.
Cheng A.-S., Fleischmann K.R. Developing a Meta-Inventory of Human Values // Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Tecnology.
Davidov E., Schmidt P., Schwartz S.H. Bringing values back in: the adequacy of the European Social Survey to measure values in 20 countries // Public Opinion Quarterly. 2008. Vol. 72, № 3. P. 420–445. URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-66692 (ассеssed: 28.07.2014).
Elster J. Ulysses and the sirens: the studies of rationality and irrationality. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1979. 193 p.
Elster J. Sour grapes: studies in the subversion of rationality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. 178 p.
Elster J. Solomonic judgements: studies in the limitations of rationality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. 232 p.
Elster J. Social Norms and Economic Theory // Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1989. Vol. 3(4). P. 99–117. URL: http://www.geocities.ws/hmelberg/elster/elarticb.htm (accessed: 13.06.2015).
Elster J. Ulysses Unbound. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 308 p.
Fodor J.A. The language of thought revisited. Oxford: Clarendon press, 2008. 228 p.
Geertz C. Local knowledge. N.Y.: Basic Books, 1983. 244 p.
Glaser B.G. Theoretical Sensitivity. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press, 1978. 164 p.
Glaser B.G. (with the assistance of J. Holton). Remodeling Grounded Theory [80 paragraphs] // Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum Qualitative Social Research. 2004, March. Vol. 5(2), art. 4. URL: http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqstexte/2-04/2-04glaser-e.htm (accessed: 29.01.2016).
Grice H.P. Logic and conversation // Syntax and semantics: Speech acts / eds. by P. Cole, J.L. Morgan.
Hallberg L. R.-M. The «core category» of grounded theory: Making constant comparisons // International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being.
Heise D.R. Causal Analysis. [Electronic Edition. Original publication, 1975, New York, Wiley.] Bloomington, IN: Author, 2001. URL: http//www.indiana.edu/~socpsy/public_files/CausalAnalysis.zip (accessed: 12.03.2015).
Heise D.R., Durig A.A. Frame for Organizational Actions and Macroactions // Journal of Mathematical Sociology.
Hernandez Ch.A. Are there two methods of grounded theory? Demystifying the methodological debate // Grounded Theory Review.
Hofstede G. Dimensions do not exist: A reply to Brendan McSweeney // Human Relations. 2002. Vol. 55(11). URL: http://users.utu.fi/freder/hofstede.pdf (ассеssed: 28.07.2014).
Hofstede G.J., Pedersen P.B., Hofstede G.H. Exploring culture: exercises, stories, and synthetic cultures. Yarmouth: Intercultural Press, 2002. 231 p.
Hofstede G., Hofstede G.J., Minkov M. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind.
Hofstede G. Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context // Online Readings in Psychology and Culture.
Hutcheon P.D. Value Theory: Towards Conceptual Clarification // The British Journal of Sociology. 23, № 2. P. 172–187.
Hymes D. Ethnography, Linguistics, Narrative Inequality: Toward an Understanding of Voice.
Kelle U. «Emergence» vs. «Forcing» of Empirical Data? A Crucial Problem of «Grounded Theory» Reconsidered // Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum Qualitative Social Research. 2005. Vol. 6, art. 27. URL: http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/467/1000 (accessed: 29.01.2016).
Kelle U. The development of categories: Different approaches in grounded theory // The Sage handbook of grounded theory / eds. by A. Bryant, K, Charmaz. L.: SAGE, 2007. P. 191–213. URL: https://is.muni.cz/el/1423/jaro2013/MVZ453/um/SAGE_bryant_charmaz_191-214.pdf (accessed: 26.01.2016).
Kenny M., Fourie R. Tracing the history of grounded theory methodology: From formation to fragmentation // The Qualitative Report. 2014. Vol. 19(103). P. 1–9. URL: http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR19/kenny103.pdf (accessed: 26.01.2016).
Kluckhohn C. Values and value-orientations in the theory of action: An exploration in definition and classification // Toward a general theory of action / eds. by T. Parsons, E.A. Shils. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951. P. 388–433.
McSweeney B. Hofstede’s model of national cultural differences and their consequences: A triumph of faith — a failure of analysis // Human Relations. ассеssed: 28.07.2014).
Methoden der Textanalyse: Leitfaden und Uberblick / S. Titscher, R. Wodak, M. Meyer, E. Vetter. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1998. 378 p.
Mey G., Mruck K. Grounded-Theory-Methodologie: Entwicklung, Stand, Perspektiven // Mey G., Mruck K. Grounded Theory Reader. Wiesbaden, VS: Verl. für Sozialwiss, 2011. P. 11–48.
Nardon L., Steers R.M. The culture theory jungle: divergence and convergence in models of national culture // Cambridge Handbook of Culture, Organizations, and Work / eds. by R.S. Bhagat, R.M. Steers.
Sacks H., Schegloff E. A., Jefferson G. A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation // Language. 1974. Vol. 50, № 4, part 1. URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0097-8507%28197412%2950%3A4%3C696%3AASSFTO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R (accessed: 04.05.2014).
Saldaña J. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers.
Saville-Troike M. The ethnography of communication : an introduction. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. 325 p.
Schwarz N. Cognitive Aspects of Survey Methodology // Applied Cognitive Psychology.
Schwartz S.H. Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? // Journal of Social Issues. 1994. Vol. 50, № 4. P. 19–45. URL: http://dev.crs.org.pl:4444/rid%3D1K6GFZBH9-255VHHF-GZ/Schwartz%25201994%2520-%2520Are%2520there%2520universal%2520aspects%2520in%2520the%2520content%2520of%2520human%2520values.pdf (ассеssed: 21.06.2014).
Schwartz S.H. A Theory of cultural values and some implications for work // Applied Psychology: An International Review. 1999. Vol. 48(1). P. 23–47. URL: http://www.winfo-base.de/lehre%5Clv_materialien.nsf/intern01/86A6F70E229D92A6C1257871005977E8/$FILE/Schwartz%20-%20Cultural%20Values,%20Work%
Schwartz S.H. An Overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Values // Online Readings in Psychology and Culture.
Silverman D. Who cares about «experience»? — Missing issues in qualitative research. // Qualitative research: theory, method and practice / eds. by D. Silverman. 2nd ed. L.: SAGE, 2004. P.342–367.
Spates J.L. The sociology of values // Annual Review of Sociology. 1983. Vol. 9.P. 27–49. URL: http://www.ics.uci.edu/~vid/Readings/Spates_1983_Sociology_of_Values.pdf (ассеssed 21.06.2014).
Spradley J.P. Participant observation. N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1980. 195 p.
Strauss A., Corbin J. Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques.
Sudman S., Bradburn N., Schwartz N. Thinking about answers: The Application of cognitive processes to survey methodology. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1996.
Trompenaars F., Hampden-Turner C. Riding the waves of culture: understanding cultural diversity in business. 2nd ed. L.: Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 1997. 265 p.
Trompenaars F., Woolliams P. Business across cultures. Chichester: Capstone Publishing, 2003. 359 p.
References
Kuznetsov A.E. [What does the Schwartz’s model inquire into?]. Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Seriya Filosofiya. Psihologiya. Sotsiologiya [Perm University Herald. Series «Philosophy. Psychology. Sociology»]. 2014, no 3(19), pp. 110–116. (In Russian).
Rossiya v Evrope: po materialam mezhdunarodnogo proekta «Evropejskoe sotsial’noe issledovanie» [Russia in Europe: following international project «European social study»]. Moscow, Academia Publ., 2009, 384 p. (In Russian).
Sachs H. [Sociological descripto]. Sotsiologicheskoe obozrenie [The Russian Sociological Review]. 2006. Vol. 5, no 1, pp. 43–53 (in Russian). Available at: http://sociologica.hse.ru/data/2011/03/14/12114528 29/5_1_7.pdf (accessed: 28.01.2016). (In Russian).
Charmaz K. Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. L.: SAGE, 2006. 208 p. (In English).
Cheng A.-S., Fleischmann K.R. Developing a Meta-Inventory of Human Values. Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Tecnology. 2010. Vol. 47, № 1. P. 1–10. (In English).
Davidov E., Schmidt P., Schwartz S.H. Bringing values back in: the adequacy of the European Social Survey to measure values in 20 countries. Public Opinion Quarterly. 2008. Vol. 72, № 3. P. 420– 445. URL: http://nbnresolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-66692 (ассеssed: 28.07.2014). (In English).
Elster J. Ulysses and the sirens: the studies of rationality and irrationality. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1979. 193 p. (In English).
Elster J. Sour grapes: studies in the subversion of rationality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. 178 p. (In English).
Elster J. Solomonic judgements: studies in the limitations of rationality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. 232 p. (In English).
Elster J. Social Norms and Economic Theory // Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1989. Vol. 3(4). P. 99–117. URL: http://www.geocities.ws/hmelberg/elster/elarticb.ht m (accessed: 13.06.2015). (In English).
Elster J. Ulysses Unbound. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 308 p. (In English).
Fodor J.A. The language of thought revisited. Oxford: Clarendon press, 2008. 228 p. (In English).
Geertz C. Local knowledge. N.Y.: Basic Books, 1983. 244 p. (In English).
Glaser B.G. Theoretical Sensitivity. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press, 1978. 164 p. (In English).
Glaser B.G. (with the assistance of J. Holton). Remodeling Grounded Theory [80 paragraphs]. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum Qualitative Social Research. 2004, March. Vol. 5(2), art. 4. URL: http://www.qualitativeresearch.net/fqstexte/2-04/2-04glaser-e.htm (accessed: 29.01.2016). (In English).
Grice H.P. Logic and conversation. Syntax and semantics: Speech acts / eds. by P. Cole, J.L. Morgan. N.Y.: Academic Press, 1975. Vol. 3. P. 41–58. (In English).
Hallberg L. R.-M. The «core category» of grounded theory: Making constant comparisons. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Wellbeing. 2006. Vol. 1. P. 141 148. (In English).
Heise D.R. Causal Analysis. [Electronic Edition. Original publication, 1975, New York, Wiley.] Bloomington, IN: Author, 2001. URL: http//www.indiana.edu/~socpsy/public_files/Causal Analysis.zip (accessed: 12.03.2015). (In English).
Heise D.R., Durig A.A. Frame for Organizational Actions and Macroactions. Journal of Mathematical Sociology. 1997. Vol. 22(2). P. 95–123. (In English).
Hernandez Ch.A. Are there two methods of grounded theory? Demystifying the methodological debate. Grounded Theory Review. 2008. Vol. 7, № 2. URL: http://groundedtheoryreview.com/ 2009/06/30/1036/ (accessed: 13.06.2015). (In English).
Hofstede G. Dimensions do not exist: A reply to Brendan McSweeney. Human Relations. 2002. Vol. 55(11). URL: http://users.utu.fi/freder/ hofstede.pdf (ассеssed: 28.07.2014). (In English).
Hofstede G.J., Pedersen P.B., Hofstede G.H. Exploring culture: exercises, stories, and synthetic cultures. Yarmouth: Intercultural Press, 2002. 231 p. (In English).
Hofstede G., Hofstede G.J., Minkov M. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. L.: McGraw-Hill, 2010. 558 p. (In English).
Hofstede G. Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. 2011. Vol. 2(1). URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014 (accessed: 28.04.2015). (In English).
Hutcheon P.D. Value Theory: Towards Conceptual Clarification. The British Journal of Sociology. 1972. Vol. 23, № 2. P. 172–187. (In English).
Hymes D. Ethnography, Linguistics, Narrative Inequality: Toward an Understanding of Voice. L.: Taylor & Francis, 1996. 258 p. (In English).
Kelle U. «Emergence» vs. «Forcing» of Empirical Data? A Crucial Problem of «Grounded Theory» Reconsidered. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum Qualitative Social Research. 2005. Vol. 6, art.
URL: http://www.qualitativeresearch.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/467/1000 (accessed: 29.01.2016). (In English).
Kelle U. The development of categories: Different approaches in grounded theory. The Sage handbook of grounded theory / eds. by A. Bryant, K, Charmaz. L.: SAGE, 2007. P. 191–213. URL: https://is.muni.cz/el/1423/jaro2013/MVZ453/um/S AGE_bryant_charmaz_191-214.pdf (accessed: 26.01.2016). (In English).
Kenny M., Fourie R. Tracing the history of grounded theory methodology: From formation to fragmentation. The Qualitative Report. 2014. Vol. 19(103). P. 1–9. URL: http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR19/kenny103.pdf (accessed: 26.01.2016). (In English).
Kluckhohn C. Values and value-orientations in the theory of action: An exploration in definition and classification. Toward a general theory of action / eds. by T. Parsons, E.A. Shils. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951. P. 388–433. (In English).
McSweeney B. Hofstede’s model of national cultural differences and their consequences: A triumph of faith — a failure of analysis // Human Relations. 2002. Vol. 55. P. 89–118. URL: http://www.uk.sagepub.com/managingandorganizat ions/downloads/Online%20articles/ch05/4%20- %20McSweeney.pdf (ассеssed: 28.07.2014). (In English).
Methoden der Textanalyse: Leitfaden und Uberblick / S. Titscher, R. Wodak, M. Meyer, E. Vetter. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1998. 378 p. (In English).
Mey G., Mruck K. Grounded-Theory-Methodologie: Entwicklung, Stand, Perspektiven. Mey G., Mruck K. Grounded Theory Reader. Wiesbaden, VS: Verl. für Sozialwiss, 2011. P. 11–48. (In English).
Nardon L., Steers R.M. The culture theory jungle: divergence and convergence in models of national culture. Cambridge Handbook of Culture, Organizations, and Work / eds. by R.S. Bhagat, R.M. Steers. 2009. P. 3–22. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511581151.002 (ассеssed: 21.06.2014). (In English).
Sacks H., Schegloff E. A., Jefferson G. A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation. Language. 1974. Vol. 50, № 4, part 1. P. 696–735. URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0097- 8507%28197412%2950%3A4%3C696%3AASSFT O%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R (accessed: 04.05.2014). (In English).
Saldaña J. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. L.: SAGE, 2009. 226 p. (In English).
Saville-Troike M. The ethnography of communication : an introduction. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. 325 p. (In English).
Schwarz N. Cognitive Aspects of Survey Methodology. Applied Cognitive Psychology. 2007. Vol. 21. P. 277–287.
Schwartz S.H. Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues. 1994. Vol. 50, № 4. P. 19–45. URL: http://dev.crs.org.pl:4444/ rid%3D1K6GFZBH9-255VHHFGZ/Schwartz%25201994%2520- %2520Are%2520there%2520universal%2520aspec ts%2520in%2520the%2520content%2520of%2520 human%2520values.pdf (ассеssed: 21.06.2014). (In English).
Schwartz S.H. A Theory of cultural values and some implications for work. Applied Psychology: An International Review. 1999. Vol. 48(1). P. 23– 47. URL: http://www.winfobase.de/lehre%5Clv_materialien.nsf/intern01/86A6 F70E229D92A6C1257871005977E8/$FILE/Schwa rtz%20-%20Cultural%20Values,%20Work% 20Values.pdf (accessed: 28.09.2014). (In English).
Schwartz S.H. An Overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Values. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. 2012. Vol. 2(1). URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1116 (ассеssed 30.07.2014). (In English).
Silverman D. Who cares about «experience»? — Missing issues in qualitative research. Qualitative research: theory, method and practice / eds. by D. Silverman. 2nd ed. L.: SAGE, 2004. P. 342–367. (In English).
Spates J.L. The sociology of values. Annual Review of Sociology. 1983. Vol. 9.P. 27–49. URL: http://www.ics.uci.edu/~vid/Readings/Spates_1983 _Sociology_of_Values.pdf (ассеssed: 21.06.2014). (In English).
Spradley J.P. Participant observation. N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1980. 195 p. (In English).
Strauss A., Corbin J. Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. L.: SAGE Publication, 1998. 312 p. (In English).
Sudman S., Bradburn N., Schwartz N. Thinking about answers: The Application of cognitive processes to survey methodology. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1996. (In English).
Trompenaars F., Hampden-Turner C. Riding the waves of culture: understanding cultural diversity in business. 2nd ed. L.: Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 1997. 265 p. (In English).
Trompenaars F., Woolliams P. Business across cultures. Chichester: Capstone Publishing, 2003. 359 p. (In English).
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Perm University Herald. Philosophy. Psychology. Sociology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
