Media violence: theories and investigations
Psychology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2017-4-584-595Keywords:
perception and evaluation of media violence, cognition, emotions, personality traitsAbstract
This article deals with some psychological theories, concepts and lines of research explaining effects of media violence on audience and attractiveness of violence scenes in the mass media. Introduction of the article focuses on the analysis of media violence concepts of different researchers. The author of the article postulates the difference in the use of the terms «influence» and «effects». Then there is a brief review of the concepts(«aggression-catharsis», «priming») and the theories («cue arousal theory», «uses and gratifications theory», «mood management theory», «social learning theory», and «cultivation theory»). The studies of media violence are divided into two groups. One group of researchers focuses on how the audience and/or individuals perceive and evaluate media violence. The other group studies the relation of the media violence perception and individual differences and personal traits of the spectators. The article presents the analysis of researches on the traditional (television, movies, musical video, radio) and contemporary media (the Internet, computer games, social networks). The first problem of the article concerns the traditional prevalence of the sociopsychological approach to the media violence research in comparison with the cognitive and personality approaches. It is noted that the cognitive, affective and motivational structures of consciousness (which are not always related to aggression and hostility) are included in the perception and evaluation of violence scenes. The second problem are discrete researches on media violence effects on thoughts, emotions and behavior of the spectators in connection with their personality traits.References
Берковиц Л. Насилие в массмедиа // Агрессия: причины, последствия и контроль. СПб.: Прайм-Еврознак, 2007. С. 238–280.
Брайант Д., Томпсон С. Воздействие медианасилия // Основы воздействия СМИ. М.: Вильямс, 2004. С. 193–214.
Винтерхофф-Шпрук П. Медиапсихология. Основные принципы. Харьков: Гуманитарный центр, 2016. 268 с.
Гриффин Э. Теория культивации Джорджа Гербнера // Коммуникация: теория и практики. Харьков: Гуманитарный центр, 2015. С. 487–500.
Ильин Е.П. Генезис агрессии и агрессивности // Психология агрессивного поведения. СПб.: Питер, 2014. С. 69–97.
Крейхи Б. Насилие и агрессия в средствах массовой информации // Социальная психология агрессии. СПб.: Питер, 2003. С. 113–147.
Харрис Р. Насилие: так ли уж безобидны эти драки на экране // Психология массовых коммуникаций. СПб.: Прайм-Еврознак, 2003. С. 299–331.
Anderson C.A., Bushman B.J. The effects of media violence on society // Science. 2002. Vol. 295. P. 2377–2378. DOI: 10.1037//0003-066X.57.6-7.448.
Harris R.J., Sanborn F. A cognitive psychology of mass communication. N.Y., NY: Taylor & Francis, 2013.267–299.
ЕниколоповС.Н. Понятие агрессии в современной психологии // Прикладная психология. 2001. № С. 60–72.
Feshbach S. The stimulating vs. cathartic effects of a vicarious aggressive activity // Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1961. Vol. 63. P. 381–385. DOI: 10.1037/h0048863.
Feshbach S. The role of fantasy in the response to television // Journal of Social Issues. 1976. Vol. 32. P. 71–85. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1976.tb02507.x.
Blumler J., Katz E. The Uses of Mass Communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1974. 318 p.
Zillmann D. Mood management through communication choices // American Behavioral Scientist. 1988. Vol. 31, no 3. P. 327–341. DOI: 10.1177/000276488031003005.
Knobloch S., Zillmann D. Mood management via the digital jukebox // Journal of Communication. 2002. Vol. 52, no 2. P. 351–366. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2002.tb02549.x.
Oliver M.B. Tender affective states as predictors of entertainment preference // Journal of Communication. 2008. Vol. 58. P. 40–61. DOI: 10.1111/J.1460-2466.2007.00373.x.
Mares M.L., Oliver M.B., Cantor J. Age differences in adults’ emotional motivations for exposure to films // Media Psychology. 2008. Vol. 11. P. 488–511. DOI: 10.1080/15213260802492026.
Zillmann D. Television viewing and physiological arousal // Responding to the screen / ed. by J. Bryant, D. Zillmann. Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1991. P. 103–134.
BushmanJ., Geen R.G. Role of cognitive-emotional mediators and individual differences in the effects of media violence on aggression // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1990. Vol. 58, no 1. P. 156–163.
Bandura A. Psychological mechanism of aggression // Aggression: Theoretical and empirical reviews / ed. by R.G. Green, E.I. Donnerstein. N.Y.: Academic, 1983. P. 1–40.
Ball-Roceach S.J., DeFleur M.L. A dependency model of mass communication // Communication research. 1976. Vol. 3. P. 3–31. DOI: 10.1177/009365027600300101.
Gerbner G., Gross L., Morgan M., Signorielli N. Living with television: The dynamic of the cultivation process // Perspectives on media effects / ed. by J. Bryant, D. Zillmann. Hillsdale, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1986. P. 17–40.
Yang H., Ramasubramanian S., Oliver M. Cultivation effects on quality of life indicators // Journal of broadcasting and electronic media. 2008. Vol. 52, no 2. P. 247–267. DOI: 10.1080/08838150801992060.
Geen R.G., Bushman B.J. Behavioral effects of observing violence // Encyclopedia of human biology. N.Y.: Academic Press, 1997. Vol. 1. P. 705–714.
Huesmann L.R., Miller L.S. Long-term effects of the repeated exposure to media violence in childhood // Aggressive behavior: Current perspective / ed. by L.R. Huesmann. N.Y.: Plenum Press, 1994. P. 153–186.
Zillmann D. Connections between sexuality and aggression. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., 1998. 359 p.
Krahe B., Möller I., Kirwil L., Huesmann L.R., Felber J., Berger A. Desensitization to media violence: links with habitual media violence exposure, aggressive cognitions, and aggressive behavior // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2011. Vol. 100, no 4. P. 630–646. DOI: 10.1037/a0021711.
Ramos R.A., Ferguson C.J., Frailing K., Romero-Ramirez M. Comfortably numb or just yet another movie? Media violence exposure does not reduce viewer empathy for victims of real violence among primarily Hispanic viewers // Psychology of Popular Media Culture. 2013. Vol. 2, no 1. P. 2–10. DOI: 10.1037/a0030119.
Unz D., Schwab F., Winterhoff-Spurk P. TV News — The Daily horror? Emotional effects of violent television news // Journal of Media Psychology. 2008. Vol. 20, no 4. P. 141–155. DOI: 10.1027/1864-1105.20.4.141.
Glascock J. Contribution of demographics, sociological factors, and media usage to verbal aggressiveness // Journal of Media Psychology. 2014. Vol. 26, no 2. P. 92–102. DOI: 10.1027/1864-1105/a000115.
Anderson C.A., Bushman B.J., Ihori N., Rothstein H.R., Sakamoto A., Saleem M., Shibuya A., Swing E.L. Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: a meta-analytic review // Psychological Bulletin. 2010. Vol. 136, no 2. P. 151–173. DOI: 10.1037/a0018251.
Lang A., Bradley S.D., Schneider E.F., Kim S.C., Mayell S. Killing is positive! Intra-Game Responses Meet the Necessary (But Not Sufficient) Theoretical Conditions for Influencing Aggressive Behavior // Journal of Media Psychology. 2012. Vol. 24, no 4. P. 154–165. DOI: 10.1027/1864-1105/a000075.
Bösche W. Violent content enhances video game performance // Journal of Media Psychology. 2009. Vol. 21, no 4. P. 145–150. DOI: 10.1027/1864-1105.21.4.145.
Bösche W. Violent video games prime both aggressive and positive cognitions // Journal of Media Psychology. 2010. Vol. 22, no 4. P. 139–146. DOI: 10.1027/1864-1105/a000019.
Ferguson C.J., Rueda S.M. The hitman study. Violent video game exposure effects on aggressive behavior, hostile feelings, and depression // European Psychologist. 2010. Vol. 15, no 2. P. 99–108. DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000010.
Oswald C.A., Prorock C., Murphy S.M. The Perceived Meaning of the Video Game Experience: An Exploratory Study // Psychology of Popular Media Culture. Vol.3, no 2. P. 110–126. DOI: 10.1037/a0033828.
ЛузаковА.А., Омельченко Н.В. Семантическое пространство компьютерных игр: опыт реконструкции // Политематический сетевой электронный научный журнал Кубанского государственного аграрного университета. 2012. № 78, вып. URL: http://ej.kubagro.ru/2012/04/pdf/26.pdf (дата обращения: 18.06.2017).
Омельченко Н.В. Психосемантическое исследование особенностей восприятия и оценивания компьютерных игр // Вестник Адыгейского государственного университета. Серия 3: Педагогика и психология. 2009. № 51, вып. 4. С. 267–274.
Чиксентмихайи М. Поток: психология оптимального переживания. М.: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2011. 464 с.
Tamborini R., Stiff J., Heidel C. Reaction to graphic horror: A model of empathy and emotional behavior // Communication Research. 1990. Vol. 17. P. 616–640. DOI: 10.1177/009365090017005003.
Bushman B.J. Moderating role of trait aggressiveness in the effects of violent media on aggression // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1995. Vol. 69, no 5. P. 950–960.
Zuckerman M. Behavioral expressions and psychological bases of sensation seeking. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1994. 463 p.
Zuckerman M. Sensation seeking and the taste for vicarious horror // Horror films: Current research on audience preferences and reaction / ed. by J.B. Weaver, R. Tamborini. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996. P. 147–160.
Banerjee S.C., Greene K., Krcmar M., Bagdasarov Z., Ruginyte D. The role of gender and sensation seeking in film choice // Journal of Media Psychology. 2008. Vol. 20, no 3. P. 97–105. DOI: 10.1027/1864-1105.20.3.97.
Banerjee S.C., Greene K., Krcmar M., Bagdasarov Z. Who watches verbal aggressive show? An examination of personality and other individual difference factors in predicting viewership // Journal of Media Psychology. 2009. Vol. 21, no 1. P. 1–14. DOI: 10.1027/1864-1105.21.1.1.
Conrad S.D., Morrow R.S. Borderline personality organization, dissociation, and willingness to use force in intimate relationships // Psychology of Men and Masculinity. 2000. Vol. 1, no 1. P. 37–48. DOI: 10.1037//15 24-9220.1.1.37.
Bushman B.J., Stack A.D. Forbidden Fruit versus Tainted Fruit: effects of warning labels on attraction to television violence // Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. Vol.2, no 3. P. 207–226.
ЕниколоповС.Н., Кузнецова Ю.М., Чуднова Н.В. Агрессивность в эпоху Интернета // Агрессия в обыденной жизни. М.: Политическая энциклопедия, 2014. С. 82–92.
ФадееваС.В. Компьютерная зависимость как фактор риска развития агрессивного поведения у подростков // Вестник Костромского государственного университета им. Н.А. Некрасова. Серия: Педагогика. Психология. 2010. № С. 250–257.
ЯковлеваТ.В. Взаимосвязь агрессивности с просмотром художественных фильмов в старшем подростковом возрасте // Научно-теоретический журнал «Ученые записки». 2010. № 6(64). С. 123–127.
БелашеваИ.В. Средства массовой информации и нервно-психическое состояние современной молодежи // Сборник научных трудов Sworld, 2013. URL: http://www.sworld.com.ua/index.php/
ru/conference/the-content-of-conferences/archives-of-individual-conferences/march-2013 (дата обращения: 18.06.2017).
БелаяО.П., Чурсинова О.В. Эмпирическое изучение представлений подростков об агрессивном поведении // Гуманизация образования. 2012. № С. 27–32.
References
Berkowitz L. Nasilie v mass-media [Media Violence] Agressiya: prichiny, posledstviya i kontrol’ [Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control]. Saint Petersburg, Praim-Euroznak Publ., 2007, pp. 238–280. (In Russian).
Bryant J., Thompson S. Vozdeystvie medianasiliya [Influence of Media Violence] Osnovy vozdejstviya SMI [Fundamentals of Media Effects]. Moscow, Williams Publ., 2004, pp. 193–214. (In Russian).
Winterhoff-Spurk P. Mediapsikhologiya. Osnovnye principy [Mediapsychology. Basic Principles]. Kharkov, Gumanitarniy centr Publ., 2016, 268 p. (In Russian).
Griffin E. Teoriya kul’tivatsii Dzhordzha Gerbnera [Cultivation Theory by George Gerbner]. Kommunikatsiya: teoriya i praktiki [Mass-media: theory and practice]. Kharkov, Gumanitarniy centr Publ., 2015, pp. 487–500. (In Russian).
Il’in E.P. Genezis agressii i agressivnosti [Genesis of aggression and aggressiveness]. Psikhologiya agressivnogo povedeniya [Psychology of aggression behavior]. Saint Petersburg, Piter Publ., 2014, pp. 69–97. (In Russian).
Krahe B. Nasilie i agressiya v sredstvah massovoy informatsii [Media Violence and Aggression]. Sotsial’naya psikhologiya agressii [The social Psychology of Aggression]. Saint Petersburg, Piter Publ., 2003, pp. 113–147. (In Russian).
Harris R.J. Nasilie: tak li uzh bezobidny eti draki na ekrane [Violence: Watching All That Mayhem Really Matters]. Psikhologiya massovyh kommunikatsiy [A Cognitive Psychology of Mass Communication]. Saint Petersburg, Praim-Euroznak Publ., 2003, pp. 299–331. (In Russian).
Anderson C.A., Bushman B.J. The effects of media violence on society. Science. 2002, vol. 295, pp. 2377–2378. DOI: 10.1037//0003-066X.57.6- 7.448. (In English).
Harris R.J., Sanborn F. A cognitive psychology of mass communication. New York, Taylor & Francis, 2013, pp. 267–299. (In English).
Enikolopov S.N. Ponyatie agressii v sovremennoy psikhologii [Aggression concept in modern psychology]. Prikladnaya psikhologiya [Applied psychology]. 2001, no. 1, pp. 60–72. (In Russian).
Feshbach S. The stimulating vs. cathartic effects of a vicarious aggressive activity. Journal of Abnor mal and Social Psychology. 1961, vol. 63, pp. 381– 385. DOI: 10.1037/h0048863. (In English).
Feshbach S. The role of fantasy in the response to television. Journal of Social Issues. 1976, vol. 32, pp. 71–85. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540- 4560.1976.tb02507.x. (In English).
Blumler J., Katz E. The Uses of Mass Communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research. Beverly Hills, Sage Publications, 1974, 318 p. (In English).
Zillmann D. Mood management through communication choices. American Behavioral Scientist. 1988, vol. 31, no 3, pp. 327–341. DOI: 10.1177/000276488031003005. (In English).
Knobloch S., Zillmann D. Mood management via the digital jukebox. Journal of Communication. 2002, vol. 52, no 2, pp. 351–366. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2002.tb02549.x. (In English).
Oliver M.B. Tender affective states as predictors of entertainment preference. Journal of Communication. 2008, vol. 58, pp. 40–61. DOI: 10.1111/J.1460-2466.2007.00373.x. (In English).
Mares M.L., Oliver M.B., Cantor J. Age differences in adults’ emotional motivations for exposure to films. Media Psychology. 2008, vol. 11, pp. 488– 511. DOI: 10.1080/15213260802492026. (In English).
Zillmann D. Television viewing and physiological arousal. Responding to the screen. Ed. by J. Bryant, D. Zillmann. Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1991, pp. 103– 134. (In English).
Bushman B.J., Geen R.G. Role of cognitiveemotional mediators and individual differences in the effects of media violence on aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1990, vol. 58, no 1, pp. 156–163. (In English).
Bandura A. Psychological mechanism of aggression. Aggression: Theoretical and empirical reviews. Ed. by R.G. Green, E.I. Donnerstein. New York, Academic, 1983, pp. 1–40. (In English).
Ball-Roceach S.J., DeFleur M.L. A dependency model of mass communication. Communication research. 1976, vol. 3, pp. 3–31. DOI: 10.1177/009365027600300101. (In English).
Gerbner G., Gross L., Morgan M., Signorielli N. Living with television: The dynamic of the cultivation process. Perspectives on media effects. Ed. by J. Bryant, D. Zillmann. Hillsdale, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1986, pp. 17–40. (In English).
Yang H., Ramasubramanian S., Oliver M. Cultivation effects on quality of life indicators. Journal of broadcasting and electronic media. 2008, vol. 52, no 2, pp. 247–267. DOI: 10.1080/08838150801992060. (In English).
Geen R.G., Bushman B.J. Behavioral effects of observing violence. Encyclopedia of human biology. New York, Academic Press, 1997, vol. 1, pp. 705– 714. (In English).
Huesmann L.R., Miller L.S. Long-term effects of the repeated exposure to media violence in childhood. Aggressive behavior: Current perspective. Ed. by L.R. Huesmann. New York, Plenum Press, 1994, pp. 153–186. (In English).
Zillmann D. Connections between sexuality and aggression. Mahwah, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., 1998, 359 p. (In English).
Krahe B., Möller I., Kirwil L., Huesmann L.R., Felber J., Berger A. Desensitization to media violence: links with habitual media violence exposure, aggressive cognitions, and aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2011, vol. 100, no 4, pp. 630–646. DOI: 10.1037/a0021711. (In English).
Ramos R.A., Ferguson C.J., Frailing K., RomeroRamirez M. Comfortably numb or just yet another movie? Media violence exposure does not reduce viewer empathy for victims of real violence among primarily Hispanic viewers. Psychology of Popular Media Culture. 2013, vol. 2, no 1, pp. 2–10. DOI: 10.1037/a0030119. (In English).
Unz D., Schwab F., Winterhoff-Spurk P. TV News — The Daily horror? Emotional effects of violent television news. Journal of Media Psychology. 2008, vol. 20, no 4, pp. 141–155. DOI: 10.1027/1864-1105.20.4.141. (In English).
Glascock J. Contribution of demographics, sociological factors, and media usage to verbal aggressiveness. Journal of Media Psychology. 2014, vol. 26, no 2, pp. 92–102. DOI: 10.1027/1864- 1105/a000115. (In English).
Anderson C.A., Bushman B.J., Ihori N., Rothstein H.R., Sakamoto A., Saleem M., Shibuya A., Swing E.L. Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin. 2010, vol. 136, no 2, pp. 151– 173. DOI: 10.1037/a0018251. (In English).
Lang A., Bradley S.D., Schneider E.F., Kim S.C., Mayell S. Killing is positive! Intra-Game Responses Meet the Necessary (But Not Sufficient) Theoretical Conditions for Influencing Aggressive Behavior. Journal of Media Psychology. 2012, vol. 24, no 4, pp. 154–165. DOI: 10.1027/1864- 1105/a000075. (In English).
Bösche W. Violent content enhances video game performance. Journal of Media Psychology. 2009, vol. 21, no 4, pp. 145–150. DOI: 10.1027/1864- 1105.21.4.145 (In English).
Bösche W. Violent video games prime both aggressive and positive cognitions. Journal of Media Psychology. 2010, vol. 22, no 4, pp. 139–146. DOI: 10.1027/1864-1105/a000019. (In English).
Ferguson C.J., Rueda S.M. The hitman study. Violent video game exposure effects on aggressive behavior, hostile feelings, and depression. European Psychologist. 2010, vol. 15, no 2, pp. 99–108. DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000010. (In English).
Oswald C.A., Prorock C., Murphy S.M. The Perceived Meaning of the Video Game Experience: An Exploratory Study. Psychology of Popular Media Culture. 2014, vol. 3, no 2, pp. 110–126. DOI: 10.1037/a0033828. (In English).
Luzakov A. A., Omelchenko N.V. Semanticheskoe prostranstvo kompyuternykh igr: opyt rekonstruktsii [Semantic Space of Computer Games: the Attempt of Reconstruction]. Politematicheskiy setevoy elektronniy nauchniy zhurnal Kubanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta [Polythematic online scientific journal of Kuban State Agrarian University]. 2012, vol. 78, iss. 4. Available at: http://ej.kubagro.ru/2012/04/pdf/26.pdf (accessed 18.06.2017). (In Russian).
Omelchenko N.V. Psikhosemanticheskoe issledovanie osobennostey vospriyatiya i otsenivaniya kompyuternykh igr [Psychosemantic research of features of perception and estimation of computer games]. Vestnik Adygeyskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 3: Psikhologiya i pedagogika [Bulletin of the Adyghe State University. Topical: Pedagogy and psychology]. 2009, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 267–274. (In Russian).
Chiksentmikhayi M. Potok: psikhologiya optimal’nogo perezhivaniya [Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience]. Moscow, Alpina non-fiction Publ., 2011, 464 p. (In Russian).
Tamborini R., Stiff J., Heidel C. Reaction to graphic horror: A model of empathy and emotional behavior. Communication Research. 1990, vol. 17, pp. 616–640. DOI: 10.1177/009365090017005003. (In English).
Bushman B.J. Moderating role of trait aggressiveness in the effects of violent media on aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1995, vol. 69, no 5, pp. 950–960. (In English).
Zuckerman M. Behavioral expressions and psychological bases of sensation seeking. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1994. 463 p. (In English).
Zuckerman M. Sensation seeking and the taste for vicarious horror. Horror films: Current research on audience preferences and reaction. Ed. by J.B. Weaver, R. Tamborini. Mahwah, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996, pp. 147–160. (In English).
Banerjee S.C., Greene K., Krcmar M., Bagdasarov Z., Ruginyte D. The role of gender and sensation seeking in film choice. Journal of Media Psychology. 2008, vol. 20, no 3, pp. 97–105. DOI: 10.1027/1864-1105.20.3.97. (In English).
Banerjee S.C., Greene K., Krcmar M., Bagdasarov Z. Who watches verbal aggressive show? An examination of personality and other individual difference factors in predicting viewership. Journal of Media Psychology. 2009, vol. 21, no 1, pp. 1–14. DOI: 10.1027/1864-1105.21.1.1 (In English).
Conrad S.D., Morrow R.S. Borderline personality organization, dissociation, and willingness to use force in intimate relationships. Psychology of Men and Masculinity. 2000, vol. 1, no 1, pp. 37–48. DOI: 10.1037//15 24-9220.1.1.37. (In English).
Bushman B.J., Stack A.D. Forbidden Fruit versus Tainted Fruit: effects of warning labels on attraction to television violence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. 1996, vol. 2, no 3, pp. 207– 226. (In English).
Enikolopov S.N., Kuznetsova Yu.M., Chudnova N.V. Agressivnost’ v epokhu Interneta [Aggressiveness in the Age of the Internet]. Agressiya v obydennoy zhizni [Aggression in everyday live]. Moscow, Politicheskaya entsyklopediya Publ., 2014, pp. 82–92. (In Russian).
Fadeeva S.V. Kompyuternaya zavisimost’ kak faktor riska razvitiya agressivnogo povedeniya u podrostkov [Computer Addiction as a Risk Factor of Adolescent’s Aggressive Behavior] Vestnik Kostromskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. N.A. Nekrasova. Serija: Pedagogika. Psihologija [Bulletin of the Kostroma State University. Series: Pedagogy, psychology]. 2010, no. 3, pp. 250–257. (In Russian).
Yakovleva T.V. Vzaimosvyaz’ agressivnosti s prosmotrom khudozhestvennykh fil’mov v starshem podrostkovom vozraste [Correlation of Aggression with Viewing the Feature Films in Senior Teenage Age]. Nauchno-teoreticheskiy zhurnal «Uchenye zapiski» [Journal of theory science «Science paper»]. 2010, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 123–127. (In Russian).
Belasheva I.V. Sredstva massovoy informatsii i nervno-psikhicheskoe sostoyanie sovremennoy molodezhi [Mass Media and Neuro-Psychological Status of Contemporary Young People]. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov Sworld [Science digests Sworld], 2013. Available at: http://www.sworld.com.ua/ index.php/ru/conference/the-content-ofconferences/archives-of-individual-conferences/ march-2013 (accessed 18.06.2017). (In Russian).
Belaya O.P., Chursinova O.V. Empiricheskoe izuchenie predstavleniy podrostkov ob agressivnom povedenii [The Empirical Study of Adolescent’s Representations of Aggression Behavior]. Gumanizatsiya obrazovaniya [Humanization of education]. 2012, no. 5, pp. 27–32. (In Russian).
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Perm University Herald. Philosophy. Psychology. Sociology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
