Влияние диет на состав микрофлоры кишечника и на иммунные процессы в организме человека

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Опубликован: июл 21, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17072/1994-9952-2024-2-190-204
Ключевые слова:
микрофлора кишечника веганская и вегетарианская, кетогенная, безглютеновая, средиземноморская диеты диета с низким содержанием короткоцепочечных углеводов (FODMAP) западный тип питания иммунные механизмы

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Наталья Александровна Правосудова
Пензенский государственный университет, Пенза, Россия
Ольга Валерьевна Марфина
Пензенский государственный университет, Пенза, Россия
Виктор Львович Мельников
Пензенский государственный университет, Пенза, Россия

Аннотация

Диеты через формирование доминирующего микробного ядра влияют на метаболические процессы в организме, что определяет изменения в иммунном ответе индивидуума. В статье рассмотрено влияние основных диетических режимов на разнообразие и состав микрофлоры кишечника. У веганов и вегетарианцев обнаруживается большее разнообразие видов из группы Bacteroidetes, увеличивается количество молочнокислых бактерий, таких как Ruminococcus, E. rectale и Roseburia, и уменьшается количество видов Clostridium и Enterococcus. Этот тип питания способствует усилению протективных свойств кишечника за счет повышения количества бактерий, активирующих иммунные механизмы. Кетогенная диета увеличивает количество Bacteroides и Akkermansia muciniphila, с уменьшением численности протеобактерий Вifidobacteria, E. rectale, Dialister. Как результат, она меняет баланс про- и противовоспалительных механизмов в кишечнике. Безглютеновая диета вызывает снижение Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Clostridium lituseburense, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Veillonellacea, Ruminicoccus bromii, Roseburia и увеличение доли Enterobacteriacea (в том числе Escherichia coli), Victivallaceae, Clostridiaceae и Coriobacteriaceae. Этот тип питания способствует чрезмерному росту условно-патогенных микроорганизмов и ослабляет защиту хозяина от инфекций и хронических воспалений. Диета с низким содержанием короткоцепочечных углеводов (FODMAP) может привести к уменьшению количества бифидо-, пропионибактерий, F. prausnitzii, Akkermansia, Ruminococcus и повышению популяции Clostridiaceae (Peptostreptococcus spp.) и, как результат, снижает активность иммунных механизмов. Западный тип питания приводит к снижению Bifidobacteria, Roseburia, Eubacterium, Ruminococcus, Lactobacillus, Prevotella и увеличению количества Enterobacteria, Alistipes, Bacteroides; за счет изменения состава нормальной микрофлоры увеличивает тенденцию к ожирению и ослаблению защитных свойств. При средиземноморской диете происходит увеличение концентрации F. prausnitzii, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Bacteroides и снижение количества Clostridium, E. coli. Это вызывает уменьшение количества оппортунистических микроорганизмов и активацию иммунных механизмов.

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Как цитировать
Правосудова, Н. А., Марфина, О. В. ., & Мельников, В. Л. . (2024). Влияние диет на состав микрофлоры кишечника и на иммунные процессы в организме человека. Вестник Пермского университета. Серия Биология, (2), 190–204. https://doi.org/10.17072/1994-9952-2024-2-190-204
Выпуск
№ 2 (2024): Вестник Пермского университета. Серия Биология
Раздел
Микробиология

Лицензионный договор на право использования научного произведения в научных журналах, учредителем которых является Пермский государственный национальный исследовательский университет

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Биографии авторов

Наталья Александровна Правосудова, Пензенский государственный университет, Пенза, Россия

Канд. биол. наук, доцент кафедры «Микробиология, эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни»

Ольга Валерьевна Марфина, Пензенский государственный университет, Пенза, Россия

Канд. биол. наук, доцент кафедры Микробиология, эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни

Виктор Львович Мельников, Пензенский государственный университет, Пенза, Россия

Д-р мед. наук, заведующий кафедрой Микробиология, эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни

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