PERM UNIVERSITY HERALD. History

COLLINGWOOD AND TOYNBEE

Vorobieva O. V. — 2025-10-31

The article is devoted to the analysis of the critical remarks of Collingwood and Toynbee addressed to each oth er, made in the "Idea of History" and "Comprehension of History". This exchange of opinions didn’t become a dis cussion due to Collingwood's early death, and therefore not all of its provisions remained clarified, and its acutely polemical nature on Collingwood's part confirmed the opinion in the scientific community about the opposition of their views. Meanwhile, an analysis of their mutual criticism allows us to conclude misunderstanding both thinkers each other in the matters of the relativity of historical knowledge, the possibility of scientific knowledge of history and its conceptualization. Collingwood, criticizing Toynbee for his objectivism, didn’t notice in his concept the rea soning about the relativity of historical thinking. Toynbee, criticizing Collingwood for excessive intellectualism, didn’t understand that his way of conceptualizing history includes an analysis of human ways of thinking, but not just a rational component. A comparative analysis of their positions shows that, conflicting with each other on individual points, they held similar ideas about the purpose of history and some fundamental principles of historical knowledge. Both sought a way out of the crisis of historical knowledge through criticism of positivism and the excessive scien tism of historical cognition. Both saw this solution in a middle position between historicism and the philosophy of history. Both linked the study of the past with a universal view of history to solve the problems of the present.

JAN PLAMPER'S WAY TO SENSORY HISTORY

I. V. Narsky — 2025-10-31

The article is dedicated to the intellectual journey of the German-English historian Jan Plamper from visual re search to the study of the sensory experience of historical actors in major historical events. The article outlines the biography of the scholar who moved between different academic cultures, shows the logic of changes in the spec trum of his scholarly interests and identifies the place of his article on the sensory experience of the Russian Revolu tion of 1917 – one of the historian's last publications – in his work and, unfortunately, in his unrealised plans. The sources used in the article include Plamper's most important studies, his published autobiographical sketches, and the author's memoirs and fragments of correspondence with him. Of the key events in Plamper's biography, his experi ence as a civilian serviceman in St Petersburg between 1992 and 1993 is treated in more detail. The article shows that his interest in the role of sensory experience matured gradually rather than linearly. The problem of the complex ef fect of Stalin's images on the perception and behaviour of his contemporaries first arises in his monograph on the visual staging of the Soviet leader's personality cult. His difficult search for answers to questions about the soldiers' fear led him to an important theoretical and historiographical study on the history of the senses. His key article on the perspectives of the history of the senses using the example of the 1917 revolution in Russia is interpreted as an inter im balance and programme for further research, which was interrupted by an incurable illness.

HISTORICAL TEMPORALITIES IN THE WORLD OF “IMPENETRABLE HORIZONS”: SCIENTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MODERN GLOBAL HUMANITIES

I. E. Rogaeva — 2025-10-31

The rise of digital technologies opens up new opportunities for historiographic research on thematic trends, which are becoming increasingly interdisciplinary in scope. By now, a clear publication trend has emerged in leading English-language journals, focusing on reflections on the specificities of contemporary perception and the uniqueness of experiences of historical events, their reflections in collective memory. This article is devoted to the scientometric construction of scientific discourse on "historical temporalities" using automated analysis technologies of unstructured big data. The Scopus database of scientific publications was used as a data source, accessed via API. The text collection consisted of 964 articles published between 1995 and 2023 and indexed by Scopus in the Arts and Humanities and Social Sciences fields. Data analysis enabled the visualization of the geography of major centers of publication activity and the identification of researchers making significant contributions to understanding this issue. The authors identified the key concepts of the theoretical discourse on historical temporalities. Findings indicate that contemporary humanities reflection on historical temporalities encompasses discussions about differences in time perception, problems of periodization, the simultaneous existence of multiple temporalities that disrupt the linearity of past perception, and the value of unique and culturally conditioned local experiences of temporal experience. The diversity of aspects of temporal representations can be reduced to the common ideological foundation of the vast majority of studies – the recognition of the present's loss of linear predictability inherited from the modern era in the dynamics of historical processes.

THE FATHERLAND’S STEPDAUGHTERS INTO ITS DAUGHTERS: RHETORIC OF PATRIOTISM AND EXPANSION OF WOMEN'S EDUCATION IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

Yu. E. But — 2025-10-31

The article analyzes the expansion of vocational, secondary and higher education opportunities for women in Cisleithania, that is, the Austrian half of Austria-Hungary. Access to education that would enable women to be employed in a profession and earn a decent income was the initial goal of the Austrian women’s movement that was developing against the backdrop of large-scale industrialization, Austria’s military defeats in 1859 and 1866, and the desire of government to ensure loyalty of the multi-ethnic population in the face of national movements. During the Austro-Hungarian period the law on compulsory eight-year education was adopted, which included girls. A network of state teacher training colleges and private professional schools for girls was expanded. By the late nineteenth century, a network of girls’ lyceums was developed, which provided elite secondary education with a right to obtain a matriculation certificate. Later on, an access to universities was opened for women. The article pays particular attention to the ideas of citizenship and patriotism, which, according to the author, became one of the factors that contributed to revision of traditional ideas about the place of a woman in society, and recognition of her independent social roles and her need to receive an expanded education. The educational programs necessarily provided compulsory civic and patriotic education in order that girls, regardless of their national and confessional affiliation, would first and foremost become conscious Austrian citizens and patriots of the “great” Fatherland. The author concludes that ideas of citizenship and patriotism being developed in the rhetoric of the Austrian women’s movement contributed to achieving the goals of reforming women’s education.

KARL LUEGER’S ANTI-SEMITISM AND ITS INFLUENCE ON UNIVERSITIES IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

V. V. Bachenina — 2025-10-31

This study investigates the strategic deployment of anti-Semitic rhetoric in the political agenda of the Christian Social Party (CSP) and its leader Karl Lueger (1897–1910) at the turn of the twentieth century. Its primary focus is the impact of this rhetoric on the on the transformation of higher education in the Austrian half of the Dual monarchy. The findings reveal that Lueger strategically utilized anti-Semitism as a tool for political mobilization, effectively blending anti-capitalist sentiments, nationalist aspirations and clerical ideology. This strategy relied on establishing a dichotomy between an «in-group» of Austrian Germans and a perceived «out-group» of Jewish individuals, tapping into widespread societal grievances fueled by rapid urbanization, economic competition, and anxieties over access to education and professional opportunities. The study identifies specific mechanisms through which the CSP and Lueger exerted their influence on the academic domain using anti-Semitic discourse. These included promoting German-nationalist values as superior to Jewish culture and lifestyles, discrediting the intellectual elite within universities, forging strong alliance with the Catholic Church, and exploiting fears about Jewish overrepresentation in universities, particularly in fields like medicine and law. Despite the absence of overt segregationist policies, the research suggests that Lueger’s actions cultivated a climate of intolerance that restricted opportunities for Jewish academics and fostered the spread of anti-Semitic stereotypes among future leaders, often framing Jews as a threat to Christian values. Consequently, the activities of the CSP and Lueger within higher education contributed significantly to the politicization of anti-Semitism, thereby establishing a crucial ideological foundation for subsequent political initiatives in Austrian society and contributing to the broader historical trajectory of anti-Semitism in the twentieth century.

THE “`BIG MASQUERADE” OF 1740 AND LEGISLATIVE COMMISSION CLERKS

E. A. Kushkov — 2025-10-31

The article is dedicated to the principles of recruiting and operating the Masquerade Commission, a temporary government institution that was established specifically for the planning of the “Big Masquerade” of 1740. This topic has been poorly studied in existing historical literature. The case of the Masquerade Commission is interpreted as a representative example of formal and informal ruling practices in early modern Russia. There is no legislative act or another official document that would govern the establishment, structure, and operations of this institution. Meanwhile, as established in the article, clerks of Legislative Commission were involved in Masquerade Commission operations. They were one of the most highly qualified Russian officials responsible for development of legal acts drafts that seemed to be objective of a higher priority than the masquerade. Using the case of the Masquerade Commission as an example, it is concluded that informal ruling practices played a significant role within Russian government system. Such practices didn’t perceive as a deviation, but rather were feature of public administration in early modern period. The case of the Masquerade Commission illustrates flexibility of this system in which people were not just obedient executors but rather actors. It is argued that cases such as the Masquerade Commission raise broader historiographic questions and encourage the reconsideration of the type of authority in early modern Russia.

SCIENTISTS OF THE PETERSBURG ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND THEIR FAMILIES AS PART OF NON-ORTHODOX COMMUNITIES (BASED ON THE MATERI-ALS OF THE CHURCH REGISTERS, 18TH CENTURY)

A. N. Andreev — 2025-10-31

Based on the church registers of non-Orthodox communities, the authors uncover the system of social (religious), consanguineous and spiritual kinship relations in which foreign scientists of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences took part in the 18^th century. The article pays special attention to anatomist and physiologist Jean George Duvernois, mathematician Leonard Euler, library director Johann Daniel Schumacher. The history of their families shows that the academic environment was not only a sphere of professional communication, but also an area of matrimonial relations, where foreigners acquired conjugal ties. In Russia of the 18^th century, the scientists of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences were mainly Protestant Reformers and Lutherans. They united into kindred and spiritually related clans that existed in the world of interconnected Protestant communities, isolated from the Russian Orthodox society. The authors conclude that the godfathering of foreign academicians and professors (not excluding the nepotism) could indirectly influence the life of the Academy of Sciences. The article provides a lot of new information about the life in Russia of such employees of the Saint Petersburg Academy as Johann Amman, Gottlob Friedrich Wilhelm Juncker, Christian Nicolaus von Winsheim, Johann Georg Leutmann, Martin Schwanwitz, Johann Schreiber, etc. This article is based on archival materials from the funds of the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg and the Russian State Historical Archive.

“PATIENTLY BEARED ALL THE BEATINGS INCURRED BY THE SOLDIERS”: SARATOV GOVERNOR A.P. STEPANOV AND THE OLD BELIEVERS

A. M. Lavryonova — 2025-10-31

This article, based on a wide range of sources, including documents from the Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Chancellery and the Headquarters of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes, reconstructs the activities of Alexander Petrovich Stepanov as the Saratov civil governor. The civil servant and writer A.P. Stepanov (1781-1837) held the post of civil governor twice: in 1823-1831 of the Yenisei province and in 1835-1837 of the Saratov province. The reason for his resignation from Krasnoyarsk, contrary to the opinion established in literature, was not his friendship with the Decembrists, but numerous violations discovered by the gendarme colonel A.P. Maslov. Having restored his connections in St. Petersburg, Stepanov was appointed to Saratov, where during his short stay he managed to form new Trans-Volga districts and take a number of measures to combat crime. The criminals were captured with the help of the gendarme lieutenant colonel Bykov. According to the Emperor's orders, Stepanov was to focus his attention on the Old Believers and facilitate the peaceful transfer of the Sredne-Nikolsky Monastery to the Edinoverie Archimandrite Zosima. But neither Stepanov nor Bykov were able to resolve the disputed situation, the negotiations were fruitless, and the seizure of the monastery took on a violent character. Contrary to the opinion of Governor Stepanov’s son, Pyotr, that Lieutenant Colonel Bykov reported the rebellion to St. Petersburg and thus brought trouble upon his father’s head, the main factors that led to his resignation were the report of the gendarme officer and writer Erazm Stogov, as well as public opinion, outraged by the reprisal. Both the governor and the gendarme Bykov paid for the beating of unarmed believers with their careers and soon died.

HISTORY OF CITY ADMINISTRATION OF PRIKAMYE IN THE 18TH-19TH CENTURIES (THEMATIC ELECTRONIC RESOURCE ON THE BASIS OF ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS)

А. A. Kosmovskaya — 2025-10-31

This article describes a thematic electronic resource dedicated to the urban governance system in the Kama re gion (Cherdyn, Solikamsk, Kungur, and Perm) in the 18th and 19th centuries. The information system created by the authors allows for an analysis of the evolution of urban governance from the era of Peter the Great to the reforms of Alexander II, based on archival materials. Modern information technologies (databases, network analysis, and spatial modeling) were used to study urban institutions. The "Personnel" table presents personal information about urban administration employees, including their place of service, start and end dates, occupation, property information, and links to archival files. Cases of extended absences from work for urban institution employees were noted. The "Files" table contains links to materials mentioning employees of magistrates and councils. For archival files, the title, coun ty, date, subject, type, toponyms, institutions, and description were indicated. Biographical profiles of the most prom inent employees of urban administration institutions in the Kama region were created using archival data and public ly available sources. Key characteristics of urban governance were identified: the existence of administrative dynas ties, the distribution of responsibilities among officials, strategies for interacting with the administration, and the in fluence of economic factors (such as the salt industry and geographic location) on the structure and functioning of urban institutions. The resulting electronic resource demonstrates the impact of reforms on the composition and ac tivities of magistrates and councils. The research results are presented in an open-access electronic resource that in cludes interactive maps, a database, and a visual component.

“TODAY WE CAN PUT A PERIOD TO THE REVOLUTION”: THE 200TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BATTLE OF POLTAVA IN 1909 IN THE NATIONAL, SOCIAL AND FOREIGN POLICY CONTEXTS

V. S. Beshkinskaya — 2025-10-31

The jubilee of the Poltava battle, commemorated on June 26-27, 1909, was the first broadly celebrated commemoration since the First Russian revolution. The main festivities with participation of the Emperor took place in Poltava, 1500 kilometers from Saint-Petersburg. Besides demonstrating a general idea that the monarchy is now back in control after the revolutionary upheavals the jubilee addressed also certain regional topics. The article addresses four main issues that local and central authorities had to deal with: 1) revolutionary (the issue of security and prevention of revolutionary activities), 2) nationality issue (preventing nationalist public demonstrations), 3) peasant (the necessity to reconfirm the unity of people and the Tsar), 4) foreign policy considerations (the choice of delicate tone as far as the losing side was concerned). Central authorities, local governor N.L. Muraviev and the Tsar Nicholas II himself, all worked hard to address all for issues in practical and symbolic terms. Festivities, which lasted two days and attracted tens of thousands of people, proceeded without any disturbances. Nationalist challenge, in spite of expectations, came not from Ukrainian, but from Russian nationalists, and was muted by restrictive measures, planned together by central and local authorities. The peasant representatives had direct access to the Emperor and later it was broadly advertised as the re-union of Tsar and people. Finally, the Poltava memorial complex for the first time commemorated the heroism of the perished Swedish soldiers, thus stressing the amical relations and family ties between the Russian Emperor and the Swedish King. The festivities conformed the belief of the top bureaucrats that the control over the country has been reestablished, albeit through its symbolic demonstration in the provinces of the empire.

IMPROVING THE PHYSICALITY: MEDICAL GYMNASTICS, MASSAGE AND ELECTROTHERAPY IN THE TREATMENT AND HEALTH IMPROVEMENT OF ADOLESCENTS IN ST. PETERSBURG IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURIES

V. A. Veremenko — 2025-10-31

The article, based on a wide range of sources presented by office documents of various organizations, medical manuals, instructions and advertising essays, as well as journalistic works, characterizes the latest physiotherapeutic methods in the treatment and rehabilitation of adolescents in the capital of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. . The study uses previously unknown archival sources from archival repositories - the Russian State Historical Archive and the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg. During the analysis of medical literature and records management materials of medical organizations, it was possible to characterize health-saving methods of treating adolescents. Health-saving organizations in St. Petersburg at the turn of the 19th and early 20th centuries were widespread and developed advanced practices for adolescents - medical gymnastics, massage, electrotherapy. To organize medical care for the population in the city, enthusiastic doctors organized training for massage and gymnastics, and the promotion of electrotherapy. A striking example is the school of massage and gymnastics E.N. Zalesova. Medical treatment methods were included in home hygiene, treatment devices were actively promoted in the press and went on sale. Hydrotherapy and massage establishments and private masseuses have become an integral part of the daily life of adults and children in the capital city. Attention is drawn to the gradual acceptance by the medical community and active use, mainly in private medical institutions, of medical gymnastics, massage and electrotherapy in St. Petersburg. At the same time, it is concluded that age-related characteristics are poorly taken into account when applying the latest treatment methods, especially at home.

M. A. OSORGIN – CORRESPONDENT OF THE RUSSIAN VE-DOMOSTI IN BULGARIA IN 1912

N. S. Gusev — 2025-10-31

In the autumn of 1912, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire – the First Balkan War broke out. This caused a great resonance in Russia, and many newspapers and magazines sent their correspondents to the peninsula. One of them was the famous writer Mikhail Osorgin, an employee of the Russian Vedomosti newspaper. Already in September 1912, through Serbia, he arrived in Bulgaria, where he intended to witness historical events on a global scale. However, the reality turned out to be different – strict censorship restrictions placed journalists in an information vacuum. Osorgin was with his colleagues in several frontline cities, but he saw the front once. The work examines the writer's movements around the peninsula, provides details of everyday life, and demonstrates the writer's views on the war. The article is based on two sources that were first introduced into scientific circulation – Osorgin's articles and telegrams published in Russian Vedomosti in 1912, as well as the writer's archival personal diary, which he kept during the trip. They are complemented by later memoirs and articles in the journal Bulletin of Europe of that time. Such a set of diverse sources made it possible to reveal the degree of the author's frankness in his publications, as well as for the first time accurately trace the trip and correct the shortcomings of his predecessors, who relied only on Osorgin's fictionalized memoirs. Of particular importance is the fact that this diary is the only discovered document of its kind, created by a Russian correspondent in Bulgaria during the First Balkan War. Using the example of Osorgin's trip, one can trace the real working conditions of press representatives who actively influenced public sentiment in Russia in the autumn of 1912.

LEGISLATIVE COMMISSION – FAILED (PRE)PARLIAMENT OF THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA (1920)

А. А. Сhemakin — 2025-10-31

The article is devoted to the history of the creation of the Legislative Commission (LC), which was supposed to become the (pre)parliament of the South of Russia. At the beginning of 1920, the Commander-in-Chief of the White Army A.I. Denikin was forced to make concessions to the Supreme Krug of the Don, Kuban and Terek, a significant part of which were separatists. It was decided to create a Legislative Chamber, before which the ministers of the newly formed South Russian government will be responsible. The Krug also wanted to get legislative power into its own hands before the convening of the Legislative Chamber, but for Denikin such a proposal was unacceptable. The result of the negotiations was the decision to form the LC – the (pre)parliament, which will draft a law on elections to the Chamber and will have temporary legislative powers. The conciliation commission prepared the “Regulations on elections” in the LC, which were supposed to be indirect and carried out according to a simplified system. Elections were to be held in the Cossack and Mountainous regions, as well as in the Stavropol, Taurida and Black Sea governatores. A group of separatist-minded Cossacks made amendments to the “Regulations”, which supposedly contributed to the democratization of the elections, but actually disrupting previous agreements. The elections did not take place in most regions due to the fact that Denikin and Krug could not agree on the text of the electoral law. The only region that elected its representatives was the Taurida governatore. By the end of March 1920, 13 members of the LC were elected, but due to Denikin’s break with the Supreme Krug, the project of the South Russian representative body itself ceased to be relevant.

P.P. MALINOVSKY – ARCHITECT, BOLSHEVIK, PEOPLE’S COMMISSAR OF PROPERTY OF THE REPUBLIC

P. N. Gordeev — 2025-10-31

The article presents a biographical sketch of Pavel Petrovich Malinovsky (1869-1943), one of the prominent representatives of the Russian radical intelligentsia of the pre-revolutionary and Soviet period. The first part of the study focuses on the activities of Malinovsky, an architect (who built a number of bright buildings in Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow) and Malinovsky, a revolutionary who joined the ranks of the Bolshevik Party back in 1904. Malinovsky's personal and creative contacts with prominent people of the era, such as writer Maxim Gorky and opera singer Fyodor Chaliapin, are considered. The central part of the work is devoted to Malinovsky's activities in 1917-1918, primarily in the posts of commissioner of the Moscow Palace Administration and People's Commissar of Property of the Republic. The measures he took to suppress "sabotage" in the palace department, and the conflict with A.V. Lunacharsky, are also highlighted. The latter had both a bureaucratic dimension (the People's Commissariat for Education headed by Lunacharsky absorbed the People's Commissariat of Property of the Republic) and an ideological one: Lunacharsky relied on cooperation with specialists, whereas Malinovsky was primarily interested in the loyalty of his staff to the Bolshevik Party. Finally, a previously almost unknown period in Malinovsky's life (1920s - 1940s) has been studied, during which he not only continued to work in his profession, but also wrote memoirs. The article is written on a large archival material, while Malinovsky's personal fund in the Russian State Archive of Economics is of particular importance, which stores numerous personal documents, including Malinovsky's valuable memoirs.

SITE SELECTION FOR LARGE-SCALE INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUC-TION IN THE USSR IN THE 1930S (USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE BAKALSKY METALLURGICAL PLANT)

K. D. Pimenova — 2025-10-31

The article examines the procedure of selecting and approving the construction site for the Bakalsky Metallurgical Plant, an unrealized industrial construction project from the era of the first five-year plans. The author concludes that the site near the village of Alekseyevka in the mining zone of the Southern Urals, which was optimal in terms of economic indicators, expressed the pragmatics of spatial dispersion of industry, which met the economic and managerial interests of the highest party and regional leadership. A different strategy – the concentration of industrial enterprises in large industrial centers – was followed by the Main Directorate of the Metallurgical Industry of the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR, which lobbied for the choice of a "risky" site near the city of Chelyabinsk. The approval of the latter as the location for the plant was determined not by the objective merits of the option, but by the priority status of the city in the industrialization program of Ural. The acquisition of this status was accompanied by the implementation of a comprehensive physical-geographical and economic examination of the city's territory, the fact of which (and not its results) predetermined the placement of the plant in Chelyabinsk. The acceleration of the decision to place the plant on a "risky" site was due to the desire of economic agents to comply with the directive deadlines for the deployment of construction in the context of the center's fluid ideas about the raw material base and the territorial nature of the project as intra- or interregional. In conclusion, the author assumes about the "freezing" of large industrial construction projects because of economic departments occupying sites suitable for large-scale industrial construction with the aim of reactivating them at an appropriate time in accordance with current instructions from the center.

THE PHENOMENON OF SOCIAL PARTNERSHIP IN THE LATE SSSR (ON THE EXAMPLE OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENTS OF SOVIET ENTERPRISES)

O. Yu. Nikonova — 2025-10-31

The article analyzes the collective bargaining agreements of Soviet enterprises in the late USSR as an instrument of social partnership. The source basis of the study is a set of documents, which includes both collective bargaining agreements themselves and the normative-legal documentation that accompanied their conclusion, party-state resolutions and orders, materials of trade union conferences on the discussion of collective bargaining agreements. The study involves draft transcripts of the meetings of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee, which allow us to reconstruct the position of the Soviet leadership and its leader in relation to the practices of social partnership. The empirical material of the article consists of examples of labor relations at the main enterprises of Chelyabinsk, which allows us to show the refraction of social partnership practices at the regional level. The conclusion of collective bargaining agreements in the post-war USSR began in 1947. Historical and legal studies interpret this type of documents in different ways, many researchers emphasize the loss of normative-legal character of collective bargaining agreements and their transformation into binding agreements aimed at meeting the requirements of socialist competition. A historical look at these documents and the activities that accompanied their conclusion and execution shows that around the contracts were formed practices that can be interpreted as social partnership in its «Soviet version» - discussion, dialog and conflict resolution between employers and employees, partly the participation of workers and engineers in the management of the enterprise - in terms of its social obligations to employees.