Eurasian Humanitarian Journal

POLYCATEGORIAL SEMANTIC COMPLEX (USING THE CATEGORIES OF TAXIS AND INSTRUMENTALITY)

2025-12-10T06:42:40+00:00

This article examines the taxis polycategorial semantic complex in German, specifically the instrumental-taxic and medial-taxic semantic subcomplexes of simultaneity. Using utterances with instrumental prepositions selected from the Leipzig National Corpus and the Electronic Dictionary of the German Language, the phenomenon of intercategorial inclusion of the functional-semantic categories of taxis and instrumentality is analyzed. The paper demonstrates that the syncretic unification of these fields determines the actualization of instrumental-tactical meanings in constructions with prepositional deverbatives. A polycentric structure of the functional-semantic field of instrumentality is revealed, including two microfields: objective and non-objective instrumentality. Using numerous contexts as examples, prototypical elements of instrumental-tactical constructions are demonstrated – the prepositions mit, durch, unter, mittels, per, actional and procedural deverbatives, as well as verbs of physical and mental influence. Particular attention is paid to the differentiation of three types of instrumental situations: regulative, performative, and resultative, each of which exhibits syncretism with other categories – modality, causality, and conditionality. This article contributes to the development of functional grammar theory by offering a systematic description of the mechanisms for actualizing taxis meanings in their interaction with instrumental and medial semantic components in the German language. Prospects for research relate to the development of the concept of a taxis polycategorial semantic complex through the inclusion of additional functional-semantic categories.

MODELING IN FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR: KEY APPROACHES

2025-12-10T06:47:15+00:00

This article investigates the modeling framework within functional grammar, based on the theory of the Saint-Petersburg (Leningrad) linguistic school. It focuses on the analysis and systematization of key modeling constructs – the functional-semantic field (FSF) and the categorical situation (CS), which are regarded as fundamental units of the functional description of language. The theoretical foundation of the research is built upon the seminal works of A. V. Bondarko and his followers, who established the principles of the functional-semantic approach. The study provides a detailed analysis of how the FSF, by integrating

language means from different levels (morphological, syntactic, lexical, and derivational) around a dominant semantic category, creates a basis for modeling holistic meanings. The categorical situation is examined as a specific realization of a field in speech, actualizing its core and peripheral elements within a particular utterance. The article demonstrates how the interaction of these two categories models the mechanism of expressing specific semantics (e.g., temporality, modality, locality) in the unity of the system (language) and its function (speech). The outcome of the research is a comprehensive and systematic view of the FSF and CS as the primary instruments for the functional modeling of language, revealing the systemic connections between grammar, lexicon, and semantics.

GERMAN COMPOSITES AS TAXIS ACTUALIZERS

2025-12-10T06:52:06+00:00

This article describes composites in German as a means of taxis actualization. The object of this study is German complex deverbatives, represented by six different structural models. The research focuses on the functional semantics of complex verbal nouns, as well as on their role as means of actualizing taxis categorical meanings in utterances containing prepositional constructions. The material for the analysis was obtained through targeted sampling from the electronic database of the Leipzig National Corpus of the German Language. The study utilized hypothetico-deductive and inductive methods, a descriptive method, and methods for interpreting and systematizing linguistic data. An analysis of empirical data revealed that complex deverbatives in prepositional-nominal constructions act as actualizers of taxis-based categorical meanings, defining chronological relationships between actions (events, states) expressed by the verb and the deverbative itself. In constructions with temporal prepositions (nach, vor, bis, etc.), complex deverbatives indicate simultaneity, precedence, or succession of events. In sentences with constructions with non-temporal prepositions (concessive, final, etc.), complex deverbatives participate in the actualization of taxis-based meanings with the semantics of logical determinacy – concessive-tactic, final-tactic, etc.

COGNITIVE SCRIPT OF THE SITUATION OF CAUSATION OF EMOTIONAL MODIFICATION

2025-12-10T06:57:39+00:00

This article examines the cognitive scenario of a situation involving the causation of emotional modification, which is actualized by emotive causatives. This situation is categorical for them. The prototypical participants are the person who exerts the emotional influence (the causator) and the person upon whom this influence is exerted (the object of causation). Since any influence typically implies an instrument, the means by which it is accomplished, the instrumental component is also considered a basic participant in the analyzed situation. The methods of actualizing the instrument in the situation of causation of emotional modification are the focus of this article. Explicit and implicit methods of its actualization in an utterance are possible. In the explicit method, all participants in the situation occupy the positions of the corresponding members of the sentence according to their semantic roles. Implicit methods include incorporation or collapse of the propositional structure. In this case, the instrument is included in the semantic potential of other units and does not require explication. Non-explicit methods of instrumental actualization include its incorporation into the semantic potential of a verb, which in this case has a metaphorical nature. The situation described by a verb with an incorporated instrumental component does not require further explication, but also does not preclude its clarification if necessary. The instrumental component can also be actualized in subject position, formally acting as a causator. In such cases, we are talking about condensed propositional structures for the sake of linguistic economy. The causator actualizes some aspect of the situation associated with an animate person. Such structures can be expanded, so that each component of the situation occupies its proper position.

OTANTHROPONYMIC ZOONYMS IN THE LIVING SPEECH OF THE PERM REGION

2025-12-10T06:32:25+00:00

This article examines the linguistic characteristics, methods of formation, and functioning of animal nicknames (dogs, cats, livestock) used in the oral speech of residents of the Perm Krai. Using material from modern everyday speech (urban speech, dialects), the main thematic groups of zoonyms (cinonyms, felinonyms, nicknames for cows, bulls, goats, sheep, etc.) are presented. The creation of nicknames through the metaphorical transfer of “person's name” → “animal nickname” is analyzed. Such anthropomorphization is typical of everyday speech and serves as a means of figuratively interpreting natural objects. Other functions of anthropozoonyms are also noted, including contact-establishing and emotive ones. The use of the same name as a nickname for different animal species, which is characteristic of these zoonyms, is demonstrated. Some methods of morphemic formation specific to nicknames are noted (the activity of the suffixes -k, -ik, -yash). The significant number of stylistic nicknames and their expressive variations are noted, reflecting a heightened human emotional relationship with animals. The language play associated with zoonym nicknames is demonstrated. Specifically, the attribution of a patronymic anthroponym to a nickname is noted, as is the play on internal form by aligning a proper name with a common noun. The origins of anthroponym nicknames are explored in detail, drawing on sources such as history, folklore, literature, cinema, and others. A high frequency of borrowed nominations from other languages (primarily English) is noted. Conclusions are drawn about how anthroponymic zoonyms reflect the peculiarities of popular worldviews and the specifics of human interaction with the natural world. The creation of animal nicknames is presented as a creative act, and the nicknames themselves convey the cultural preferences of modern humans and the linguistic tastes of the era.

THE ANALYSIS OF THE NOMINATIVE FIELD OF THE CONCEPT TOLERANCE

2025-12-10T06:37:37+00:00

The proposed article presents a study of the nominative field of the concept TOLERANCE. The relevance of this study is conditioned by the fact that its results are applicable to the creation of the tools for studying and modeling linguistic tolerance in conflict. The article provides a linguographic analysis of the word tolerance which resulted in identifying the main features of tolerance in relationships between people. The synonymous set that reveals the content of the word tolerance includes such concepts as “patience”, “tolerance”, “forbearance”. A respectful attitude towards people who are different from the subject of communication are emphasized in the definitions of tolerance. The differences can be of a religious, ethnic, racial, ideological, cultural or other nature. A linguographic analysis of the word tolerance shows that when describing “tolerance” as a personal characteristic, such aspects as self-confidence, endurance, and self-control can be traced. The natural scientific interpretation of the word tolerance is also reflected in those definitions of tolerance that deal with relationships between people. The analysis has revealed that the word tolerance has both positive and negative connotations: undemandingness, indulgence, condescension. In the dictionaries of sciences related to education, tolerance is defined as “refraining from causing harm,” “exclusion of aggression towards others,” and also “absence of criticism, discrimination, and persecution.” This understanding of tolerance (“by contradiction”) gives us an awareness of what tolerance is not. When considering “tolerance” as a way of responding to conflict (a way of behaving in conflict), special emphasis is placed on the use of mild methods of influencing someone whose behavior cannot be understood or accepted, as well as recommendations to act primarily applying methods of explanation and persuasion.

FEATURES OF THE TRANSLATION OF MIGRATION LITERATURE IN THE GENRE OF VERLIBRA (BASED ON J. SCARBROUGH'S POEM “TENANTRY”)

2025-12-10T07:22:25+00:00

Thearticle is analyzed the featuresanddifficulties of translating the genre of verlibrainmigrationliteratureintoRussian. The authorsexplorelinguisticmeansandtechniquesreflecting the theme of migrationinEnglish-language poetryandways of theirtransmissionintoRussian. The genre of verlibra,despitethelack of rhyme,belongstopoetry,itscontentandstructure are identical to a conventionalpoem.Poetictranslationisacomplextask,andincombinationwith the multidimensionaltheme of migration, the complexity of translationincreases,due to multipleinterpretationsdependingon the personality,creativethinkingandpersonalexperience of the translator.Thistype of translationcreates an internalconflict. On theonehand, the translator's taskis to completelyrecreate the originaltext:from the styleandintonationpatternto the extralinguisticcomponents. On theotherhand,modernconceptssuggest the possibility of expressing one's own “I”wheninterpreting a poetictext in ordertobuild a dialoguewith the targetaudience,whichmakesitmorecreativeandfree.

THE CONCEPTOSPHERE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE DISCOURSE

2025-12-10T07:11:06+00:00

This article presents in detail the results of a free associative experiment aimed at reconstructing the actual perception of the concept of ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE in the everyday linguistic consciousness of Russian speakers. In the course of the research, extensive empirical material was collected and systematized, which made it possible to identify the structure and key components of this concept. A survey was conducted on an online platform where participants had to write down all the associations associated with the phrase “ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE”. The data obtained has been analyzed. As a result of a qualitative analysis of associative series, ten key semantic modules have been identified, which comprehensively reflect the range of social attitudes – from awareness of its potential to deep fears. The analysis allowed us to identify ten key semantic modules that demonstrate different attitudes towards artificial intelligence: positive associations associate it with development and assistance, while negative ones focus on the problems of misinformation and legal uncertainty. Reactions related to the technosphere (robot, computer), which are the material embodiment of an abstract concept, play an important role. Based on the analysis, a reasonable conclusion is drawn about the complex and ambiguous perception of artificial intelligence in the mass consciousness. This perception is a dynamic combination of a rational understanding of the benefits of technology and intuitive concerns about the unpredictability of its development and impact on social institutions and human identity. Thus, the research contributes to understanding how the image of one of the key technologies of our time is formed and structured in the public consciousness.

MODELING THE ASSOCIATIVE-VERBAL FIELD OF THE CATEGORY “幸福 / XÌNGFÚ (HAPPINESS)” IN THE CHINESE LANGUAGE

2025-12-10T07:16:29+00:00

The article is devoted to the study of the method of directed associative experiment as the main method of psycholinguistic research, which makes it possible to consider the associative meaning of a word as a specific state of an individual’s cognitive activity. The study was conducted within the framework of one of the leading areas of modern linguistics – cognitive linguistics, with the use of psycholinguistic, sociolinguistic

and linguocultural approaches to the analysis of the material. The relevance of the study is associated with recent trends in world and national politics, a change in the direction of relations between China and Russia, and the expansion of economic, diplomatic, and scientific contacts with speakers of Chinese and Russian languages. The purpose of this study is to model the associative-verbal field of the category 幸福 /xìngfú (happiness) in the Chinese language. The material for the study was the responses obtained from a conducted directed associative experiment, in which 200 Chinese-speaking participants aged 15 to 65 took part. The total number of responses obtained is 444 units. The study used the method of directed associative experiment, the method of classification, quantitative analysis, and semantic interpretation of associations. The method of interpreting associations, used in processing the results of our experiment, makes it possible to study not only individual responses but also semantic groups of responses, and thus more accurately model the content and structure of the associative-verbal field of the category 幸福 /xìngfú (happiness) in the Chinese language. An analysis of the Russian associative-verbal field was carried out against the background of the Chinese one, the structure of the field was determined, and the similarities and differences in the stereotypical perception of 幸福 /xìngfú (happiness) among Chinese informants were identified.

TRADITIONS OF ENLIGHTENMENT IN THE PROSE OF E. E. SCHMITT

2025-12-10T07:27:27+00:00

This article explores a pressing issue in literary studies: literary tradition, the significance of which lies in reviving the “old” through searching for the “living” and new within it. The problem of the continuity of experience in contemporary art is a pressing one and is considered one of the laws of literary development. Moreover, it concerns both researchers and authors themselves. In this regard, the work of E.-E. Schmitt is of particular interest. Although he only partially fits into the postmodern paradigm, he did not neglect creative experimentation in the field of literary form. Schmitt himself considers himself a follower of the French Enlightenment, and therefore, in his texts, he frequently draws on the literary experience of Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot. The innovative nature of the literary work of the Enlightenment philosophers is noted, particularly the philosophical novella and the epistolary novel as universal genres for the presentation of socially significant philosophical ideas. The artistic device of “estrangement”, often employed by Enlightenment figures such as Voltaire and Montesquieu, the appeal to Eastern themes, and the actualization of the cultural and philosophical “East-West” problem, as well as the motif of wandering/journey, are widely present in Schmitt's works. Our goal was to identify Enlightenment traditions in the genre of E.-E. Schmitt's work, using the novels “Ulysses of Baghdad” and “Oscar and the Pink Lady” as examples. Ulysses of Baghdad is comparable to Voltaire's philosophical novella Candide, or Optimism” and, to some extent, to Montesquieu's “Persian Letters”, while “Oscar and the Pink Lady, one of Schmitt's most complex works in terms of genre, demonstrates the epistolary tradition.

IMAGES OF AMERICA IN THE POETRY OF WALT WHITMAN AND PABLO NERUDA: ONTOLOGICAL AND TYPOLOGICAL SIMILARITIES AND NATIONAL ORIGINALITY

2025-12-10T07:31:57+00:00

The article attempts to analyse the ontological and typological similarities in Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass (1855–1892) and Pablo Neruda’s Canto General (1950). The relevance of the study is due to the importance of Pablo Neruda and Walt Whitman in world literature and in the literatures of the two Americas. Moreover, the ontological and typological similarities of their poetics remain insufficiently explored. It is concluded that spatial categories play a major role in the artistic consciousness of the poets: being in search of the ontological foundations of their forming nations, they create typologically similar yet nationally distinctive images of America. The typological convergences are seen in the poets’ search for a cultural and civilizational archetype of an ideal society, a New World. Although the poets’ image of the New World is presented as an ontological substance, which is suprahistorical and mythological, it is inseparable from America (from the USA in Walt Whitman’s poetry, from Latin America and Chile in Pablo Neruda’s poetry). The national originality of the loci amoeni created by the poets, seeking to affirm the uniqueness of their cultures, is reflected in the different spatial models they use: Walt Whitman constructs an open spatial model of a horizontal world-cosmos based on urgia, whereas Pablo Neruda builds an interspatial model of a vertical world-chaos grounded in gonia. Furthermore, the poets differ in their attitudes to the European conquest of the American continent: while Walt Whitman, as a North American poet, praises the discovery of America, Pablo Neruda, as a Latin American writer, regards it as an act of violencia.

LINGUISTIC PECULIARITIES OF THE NEWSPAPER AND JOURNALISTIC STYLE OF ENGLISH SPEECH

2025-12-10T07:05:05+00:00

The newspaper and journalistic style is the style of magazines and newspapers that are accessible to a wide audience of readers, which determines the requirements for the linguistic content of news genres. The characteristics of this style include the use of emotionally colored vocabulary, figurative means, elements of informal dialogue, and terminology related to social and political processes. Texts written in a newspaper-journalistic style carry many tasks and functions for society. They are engaged in the dissemination and explanation of information, the formation of public opinion through a system of ratings and comments, encourage readers to take certain actions, and broaden their horizons, having educational value. They also contribute to the cultural enrichment and entertainment of the audience, giving the material an artistic quality. Their tasks include not only conveying facts, but also actively influencing readers’ perceptions and moods. Texts of this style contain various types of vocabulary: common, since the narrative is conducted with a description of generally accepted concepts, actions of people, and specialized, which refers to terms and terminological phrases of a particular field of activity. The study of the linguistic peculiarities of the modern newspaper and journalistic style is carried out in this article based on the material of online publications of the Forbes edition in the Lifestyle section. The articles in this section reflect the peculiarities of the lifestyle of Americans and other countries of the world, respectively, language material is used that reflects the national and cultural characteristics of native English speakers. The study revealed that the English-language texts of the Lifestyle heading contain means of expression, among which are epithets, metaphors, synonyms and antonyms that impart emotionality, expressiveness and artistic imagery and some rhetorical questions as a means of attraction.